首先，让我们讨论基因检测的医疗用途。这种类型的检测可以用来识别可能增加个体患上某些遗传性疾病风险的基因变异。这些遗传性疾病可以从遗传性疾病，如囊性纤维化或镰形细胞贫血，到更常见的疾病，如糖尿病或心脏病等。

基因检测在医疗领域的主要好处之一是能够及早识别这些基因变异，从而帮助个体采取预防措施，降低发展该病的风险。例如，如果个体拥有增加患乳腺癌风险的基因变异，他们可能会选择定期筛查或改变生活方式，以降低风险。

除了帮助个体做出有关健康的知情决策外，基因检测在医疗领域对家庭也非常有益。例如，如果一对夫妇计划要孩子，而其中一方拥有增加将某种遗传病传递给后代的基因变异，基因检测可以帮助他们理解选择，并做出关于生育的决策。

基因检测在祖源发现中的应用

另一种基因检测的应用是祖源发现。随着消费型基因检测套件的普及，个体现在可以了解更多关于自己的祖源信息以及祖先的来历。这对许多人来说是一次既有趣又有意义的体验，因为它使他们能够与自己的遗产建立联系，深入了解家族历史。

基因检测在祖源发现中的主要好处之一是能够填补个体家族历史中的空白。例如，如果某个个体一直对自己的祖源感到好奇，但没有很多线索，基因检测可以帮助提供答案，让他们更好地理解自己的祖源。

除了帮助个体了解更多关于自己祖源的信息外，基因检测在祖源发现方面对那些试图重新联系失联亲戚或识别未知家庭成员的家庭也具有重要作用。例如，如果某个个体有一个失联的养兄妹或堂表亲，基因检测可以帮助他们找到并重新联系上这个人。

基因检测的多重好处

基因检测有很多潜在的好处，既可以用于医疗目的，也可以用于祖源发现。除了帮助个体做出有关健康和祖源的知情决策外，基因检测还可以成为家庭重新联系失联亲戚或了解家族历史的强大工具。

总体来说，基因检测是一个迅速发展的领域，提供了让个体了解自己基因及其可能对健康和祖源产生影响的机会。无论是希望了解自己遗传病风险的个体，还是想要深入了解自己祖源的人，基因检测都能提供宝贵的洞察，帮助做出有关健康和家庭的知情决策。

基因检测的现状

为了了解这一领域的未来发展，首先需要了解当前的现状。根据最新数据，已有数百万人在美国使用过基因检测服务。像23andMe、Ancestry.com和MyHeritage等公司分别已经对超过500万、2200万和500万个人进行了基因分型，相关数据来自维基百科和DNA数据挖掘1 2 。

全球范围内，基因检测的普及程度更广。技术评论预计，全球已有约3850万到5000万人进行了家用DNA检测，标志着这一趋势的全球化3 4 。

展望未来

展望未来，基因检测将在我们的生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。随着测序成本的下降和技术的进步，如《了解你的DNA》报告所述，未来基因检测将变得更加易得且信息更为丰富4 。

《DNA数据挖掘》强调，便宜且全面的基因检测将可能彻底改变从个性化医疗到祖源追溯等各个领域2 。

然而，通向这一未来的道路充满挑战。确保数据隐私和安全至关重要。基因数据的个人性质和敏感性要求采取严格的措施来防止其被滥用。关于数据使用的透明性以及用户控制其基因信息的权利是朝着正确方向迈出的重要步骤，正如《技术评论》所讨论的那样3 。

基因检测的未来充满潜力。当我们迈向这一未来时，我们有机会将其塑造为一个在利用基因信息的同时，遵守伦理标准、保护隐私并确保准确解读的未来。我们现在所做的决定将决定我们如何走向这一基因前沿，并决定谁能从中受益，正如《了解你的DNA》所强调的那样4 。

可负担性：自2003年人类基因组计划完成以来，基因测序成本持续下降。这个被称为“DNA测序成本曲线”的趋势，已将2001年完成一次人类基因组测序的成本从1亿美元降至2020年的约1000美元。随着这一趋势的继续，基因检测变得更加经济实惠，更多人可以获得这种检测。

技术进步：与测序成本下降同时，技术的进步使得测序过程变得更加全面。全基因组测序（WGS）就是一个例子，它能够完整读取个体的基因组，这能提供关于个体基因的详细信息，这对理解健康风险、祖源以及其他遗传特征至关重要。

公众意识与需求的增加：随着公众对基因学的理解不断加深，基因检测服务的需求也随之增加。这些服务可以满足从好奇自己祖源到主动管理健康等多种需求。

精准医疗：21世纪的一个重大医疗发展是精准医疗的兴起。这种方法旨在根据个体独特的基因构成量身定制医疗治疗方案。随着精准医疗的普及，基因检测的需求可能会激增。

挑战与考虑因素

尽管这些因素预示着基因检测的未来前景光明，但我们也必须考虑到随着这一领域的增长而来的挑战和伦理问题。

隐私与数据安全：随着越来越多的人进行基因检测，关于这些高度个人化的数据将如何被处理的问题变得越来越重要。确保数据隐私和安全将成为基因检测公司的一项重大挑战，他们需要在商业需求和客户权利与期望之间找到平衡。

伦理问题：伦理问题始终处于基因检测的前沿。如何使用这些信息、谁应该拥有这些数据的访问权、如何防止基因歧视等问题仍在讨论之中。

解读与咨询：基因检测结果的解读复杂，往往需要专业的基因咨询。随着基因检测需求的增加，对提供此类服务的专业人员的需求也会相应增加。

展望未来

随着我们展望未来，基因检测将在我们的生活中发挥越来越重要的作用。测序成本的下降和技术的进步正铺平道路，使得基因检测在未来变得更加易得和有益。然而，在前进的同时，我们必须确保能够应对随之而来的伦理复杂性、安全隐患和解读挑战。

便宜且全面的基因检测的到来可能彻底改变从个性化医疗到祖源追溯等领域。在医疗领域，基因检测的普及可能会导致遗传病的早期发现与预防、定制化治疗和整体健康成果的改善。此外，了解我们遗传的易感性可以鼓励我们采取主动健康行为和生活方式的调整。

与此同时，基因检测的普及可以增强我们对人类历史和个人祖源的理解。这将使我们更加互联互通，并体现我们共同的遗传遗产。

然而，通向这一未来的道路依然充满挑战。确保数据隐私和安全至关重要。基因数据的个人性质要求采取严格的保护措施，防止其滥用。透明的数据使用和赋予用户对其基因信息的控制权是朝着正确方向迈出的重要步骤。

伦理问题是另一个重要议题。使用基因信息造福人类与可能出现的基因歧视或污名化之间有一条微妙的界限。政策制定者和相关方必须确保我们的基因未来是公正、尊重并充满正义的。

最后，随着基因检测变得越来越普及，我们必须解决专业基因咨询的需求。基因检测结果的解读并非总是直观的，误解可能导致不必要的焦虑或错误的健康决策。增加基因咨询师的可用性，并将基因咨询纳入基因检测的过程，可以帮助个人正确理解自己的结果。

基因检测的未来充满潜力。当我们走向这个未来时，我们有机会将其塑造为一个充分利用基因信息的未来，同时坚持伦理标准、保护隐私并确保准确解读。我们现在的决策将决定我们如何航行在这一基因前沿，谁将从其中受益。

基因检测的前景广阔，随着我们谨慎应对未来的挑战，我们正处于人类理解和健康的新纪元的前沿。随着我们继续解开基因代码的复杂面纱，我们不仅在解码生命的构建块，更在塑造人类的未来。

直销基因检测（DTC）是一种基因检测类型，允许个人在线或通过邮件订购并接收基因检测套件。这些套件通常包括一个唾液或口腔拭子采集套件，消费者可以使用它来收集自己的DNA样本。样本随后寄回公司进行分析，结果通过在线门户或应用程序提供给消费者。

近年来，直销基因检测变得越来越流行，许多公司提供各种检测选项。一些DTC基因检测公司专注于祖源和家谱，而其他公司则提供与健康相关的信息，如某些疾病的风险或药物代谢情况。

直销基因检测的工作原理

DTC基因检测的过程通常很简单。首先，您需要选择一个公司和一个检测套件。市面上有许多DTC基因检测公司，选择一个信誉良好的公司非常重要。在选择公司时，您应该寻找获得临床实验室改进法案（CLIA）或美国病理学家协会（CAP）认证的公司，因为这些组织确保实验室符合一定的质量和准确性标准。

选择好公司和检测套件后，您需要订购套件并按照说明收集DNA样本。这通常包括提供唾液样本或擦拭口腔内侧的腮部。然后，您需要将样本寄回公司，并使用随附的预付邮资包装。

公司收到样本后，他们将开始分析您的DNA。这个过程通常需要几周时间，结果会通过在线门户或应用程序提供给您。

DTC基因检测能揭示的信息

通过DTC基因检测获得的具体信息因公司和检测套件的不同而有所变化。以下是一些常见的信息类型：

1. 祖源和家谱：许多DTC基因检测公司提供可以帮助您了解祖源和家族历史的检测服务。这可能包括有关您的民族背景和祖先迁徙模式的信息。

2. 某些疾病的风险：一些DTC基因检测公司提供可以提供有关您患某些健康状况风险的信息，例如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或某些类型的癌症。需要注意的是，基因检测只能提供您患某一特定病症的风险信息，而不能保证您一定会或不会得此病。

3. 药物代谢：一些DTC基因检测公司提供可以帮助您了解身体如何代谢某些药物的检测。这对于服用多种药物或曾经因某些药物出现副作用的人来说特别有用。

4. 携带者状态：一些DTC基因检测公司提供检测，能够告诉您是否是某些遗传性疾病的携带者。这意味着您可能携带某种基因突变，尽管您自己并没有这种疾病，但它可能会传递给您的子女。

解读DTC基因检测结果

解读DTC基因检测结果可能会比较复杂，理解这一点很重要：基因检测只是您整体健康状况的一个组成部分。如果您对结果有任何问题或疑虑，最好咨询医疗专业人员或基因顾问。

同样需要注意的是，DTC基因检测并不能替代医学检测或建议。如果您对自己的健康状况感到担忧，重要的是咨询医疗专业人员，并讨论进一步检测或治疗的选项。

首先，让我们讨论基因检测的医疗用途。这种类型的检测可以用来识别可能增加个体患上某些遗传性疾病风险的基因变异。这些遗传性疾病可以从遗传性疾病，如囊性纤维化或镰形细胞贫血，到更常见的疾病，如糖尿病或心脏病等。

基因检测在医疗领域的主要好处之一是能够及早识别这些基因变异，从而帮助个体采取预防措施，降低发展该病的风险。例如，如果个体拥有增加患乳腺癌风险的基因变异，他们可能会选择定期筛查或改变生活方式，以降低风险。

除了帮助个体做出有关健康的知情决策外，基因检测在医疗领域对家庭也非常有益。例如，如果一对夫妇计划要孩子，而其中一方拥有增加将某种遗传病传递给后代的基因变异，基因检测可以帮助他们理解选择，并做出关于生育的决策。

基因检测在祖源发现中的应用

另一种基因检测的应用是祖源发现。随着消费型基因检测套件的普及，个体现在可以了解更多关于自己的祖源信息以及祖先的来历。这对许多人来说是一次既有趣又有意义的体验，因为它使他们能够与自己的遗产建立联系，深入了解家族历史。

基因检测在祖源发现中的主要好处之一是能够填补个体家族历史中的空白。例如，如果某个个体一直对自己的祖源感到好奇，但没有很多线索，基因检测可以帮助提供答案，让他们更好地理解自己的祖源。

除了帮助个体了解更多关于自己祖源的信息外，基因检测在祖源发现方面对那些试图重新联系失联亲戚或识别未知家庭成员的家庭也具有重要作用。例如，如果某个个体有一个失联的养兄妹或堂表亲，基因检测可以帮助他们找到并重新联系上这个人。

基因检测的多重好处

基因检测有很多潜在的好处，既可以用于医疗目的，也可以用于祖源发现。除了帮助个体做出有关健康和祖源的知情决策外，基因检测还可以成为家庭重新联系失联亲戚或了解家族历史的强大工具。

总体来说，基因检测是一个迅速发展的领域，提供了让个体了解自己基因及其可能对健康和祖源产生影响的机会。无论是希望了解自己遗传病风险的个体，还是想要深入了解自己祖源的人，基因检测都能提供宝贵的洞察，帮助做出有关健康和家庭的知情决策。

23andMe
23andMe 可能是最著名的基因检测公司之一。成立于2006年，该公司提供多种检测选项，包括祖源检测和健康风险评估。23andMe 的一个独特之处在于他们还提供携带者检测，帮助个人了解自己是否有将某些遗传疾病传给后代的风险。除了提供检测结果，23andMe 还提供个性化的基因报告和用于追踪与解读基因数据的工具。

AncestryDNA
AncestryDNA 是另一家受欢迎的基因检测公司，专注于祖源检测。该公司成立于2012年，并迅速成为全球最大的DNA祖源检测服务提供商之一。AncestryDNA 提供多种检测选项，包括祖源检测、家谱研究工具和DNA亲属匹配。除了提供检测结果，该公司还提供教育资源和历史记录数据库，供家谱研究使用。

MyHeritage
MyHeritage 是另一家专注于祖源检测的基因检测公司。除了提供DNA检测外，该公司还提供家谱研究工具，并可访问庞大的历史记录数据库。MyHeritage 还提供一个名为“种族估算”的功能，根据个体的DNA分析其祖源情况。

Helix
Helix 是一家与其他公司合作的基因检测公司，提供多种检测选项，包括祖源检测、健康风险评估和携带者检测。Helix 的独特之处在于其“DNA应用商店”，允许用户购买来自多个合作伙伴的基因数据洞察。

Color Genomics
Color Genomics 是一家专注于健康风险评估的基因检测公司。该公司提供多种检测选项，包括全面的基因健康风险评估和某些遗传疾病的携带者检测。Color Genomics 还提供个性化的基因报告和基因顾问服务。

基因检测的局限性
需要注意的是，尽管基因检测可以提供关于祖源和潜在健康风险的宝贵信息，但它并不能替代传统的医疗护理。在根据基因检测结果做出任何决策之前，始终建议咨询医疗专业人员。

随着基因检测技术的不断进步和普及，未来我们可能会看到更多人出于各种目的选择进行基因检测。未来，基因检测有可能成为常规医疗的一部分，个人可以在定期体检时接受基因风险评估。这有助于及早发现潜在的健康问题，从而实现早期干预，甚至预防某些疾病。

个性化医疗与基因检测
个性化医疗是21世纪医学的一大进展。这种方法旨在根据个体的基因构成定制医疗治疗方案。随着个性化医疗的普及，基因检测的需求可能会激增。

挑战与考量
尽管这些因素预示着基因检测的未来充满希望，但也必须考虑与这一增长相关的挑战和伦理问题。

1. 隐私和数据安全：随着越来越多的人进行基因检测，如何处理这些高度个人化的数据变得愈发重要。确保数据隐私和安全将是基因检测公司面临的重大挑战，尤其是在平衡商业需求与客户权利和期望之间。

2. 伦理问题：基因检测的伦理问题始终是讨论的焦点。关于如何使用这些信息、谁应当访问这些信息以及如何防止基因歧视的问题仍然在辩论中。

3. 解读与咨询：基因检测结果的解读较为复杂，通常需要专业的基因咨询。随着基因检测需求的增加，专业人员的需求也将随之增长。

未来展望
展望未来，基因检测将在我们生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。随着测序成本的下降和技术的进步，基因检测的可获取性和信息量将进一步增加。然而，随着技术进步的同时，我们也必须确保在伦理复杂性、安全性和解读问题方面的挑战得到妥善处理。

结论
基因检测的前景广阔，具有众多潜在的应用和好处。虽然存在挑战和伦理考量，但深入了解我们的基因将有可能革新医疗并改善全球人们的生活。在选择基因检测公司时，进行充分的研究并考虑公司提供的检测选项、信誉以及解读和理解测试结果的资源至关重要。

基因检测的现状

为了了解这一领域的未来发展，首先需要了解当前的现状。根据最新数据，已有数百万人在美国使用过基因检测服务。像23andMe、Ancestry.com和MyHeritage等公司分别已经对超过500万、2200万和500万个人进行了基因分型，相关数据来自维基百科和DNA数据挖掘1 2 。

全球范围内，基因检测的普及程度更广。技术评论预计，全球已有约3850万到5000万人进行了家用DNA检测，标志着这一趋势的全球化3 4 。

展望未来

展望未来，基因检测将在我们的生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。随着测序成本的下降和技术的进步，如《了解你的DNA》报告所述，未来基因检测将变得更加易得且信息更为丰富4 。

《DNA数据挖掘》强调，便宜且全面的基因检测将可能彻底改变从个性化医疗到祖源追溯等各个领域2 。

然而，通向这一未来的道路充满挑战。确保数据隐私和安全至关重要。基因数据的个人性质和敏感性要求采取严格的措施来防止其被滥用。关于数据使用的透明性以及用户控制其基因信息的权利是朝着正确方向迈出的重要步骤，正如《技术评论》所讨论的那样3 。

基因检测的未来充满潜力。当我们迈向这一未来时，我们有机会将其塑造为一个在利用基因信息的同时，遵守伦理标准、保护隐私并确保准确解读的未来。我们现在所做的决定将决定我们如何走向这一基因前沿，并决定谁能从中受益，正如《了解你的DNA》所强调的那样4 。

可负担性：自2003年人类基因组计划完成以来，基因测序成本持续下降。这个被称为“DNA测序成本曲线”的趋势，已将2001年完成一次人类基因组测序的成本从1亿美元降至2020年的约1000美元。随着这一趋势的继续，基因检测变得更加经济实惠，更多人可以获得这种检测。

技术进步：与测序成本下降同时，技术的进步使得测序过程变得更加全面。全基因组测序（WGS）就是一个例子，它能够完整读取个体的基因组，这能提供关于个体基因的详细信息，这对理解健康风险、祖源以及其他遗传特征至关重要。

公众意识与需求的增加：随着公众对基因学的理解不断加深，基因检测服务的需求也随之增加。这些服务可以满足从好奇自己祖源到主动管理健康等多种需求。

精准医疗：21世纪的一个重大医疗发展是精准医疗的兴起。这种方法旨在根据个体独特的基因构成量身定制医疗治疗方案。随着精准医疗的普及，基因检测的需求可能会激增。

挑战与考虑因素

尽管这些因素预示着基因检测的未来前景光明，但我们也必须考虑到随着这一领域的增长而来的挑战和伦理问题。

隐私与数据安全：随着越来越多的人进行基因检测，关于这些高度个人化的数据将如何被处理的问题变得越来越重要。确保数据隐私和安全将成为基因检测公司的一项重大挑战，他们需要在商业需求和客户权利与期望之间找到平衡。

伦理问题：伦理问题始终处于基因检测的前沿。如何使用这些信息、谁应该拥有这些数据的访问权、如何防止基因歧视等问题仍在讨论之中。

解读与咨询：基因检测结果的解读复杂，往往需要专业的基因咨询。随着基因检测需求的增加，对提供此类服务的专业人员的需求也会相应增加。

展望未来

随着我们展望未来，基因检测将在我们的生活中发挥越来越重要的作用。测序成本的下降和技术的进步正铺平道路，使得基因检测在未来变得更加易得和有益。然而，在前进的同时，我们必须确保能够应对随之而来的伦理复杂性、安全隐患和解读挑战。

便宜且全面的基因检测的到来可能彻底改变从个性化医疗到祖源追溯等领域。在医疗领域，基因检测的普及可能会导致遗传病的早期发现与预防、定制化治疗和整体健康成果的改善。此外，了解我们遗传的易感性可以鼓励我们采取主动健康行为和生活方式的调整。

与此同时，基因检测的普及可以增强我们对人类历史和个人祖源的理解。这将使我们更加互联互通，并体现我们共同的遗传遗产。

然而，通向这一未来的道路依然充满挑战。确保数据隐私和安全至关重要。基因数据的个人性质要求采取严格的保护措施，防止其滥用。透明的数据使用和赋予用户对其基因信息的控制权是朝着正确方向迈出的重要步骤。

伦理问题是另一个重要议题。使用基因信息造福人类与可能出现的基因歧视或污名化之间有一条微妙的界限。政策制定者和相关方必须确保我们的基因未来是公正、尊重并充满正义的。

最后，随着基因检测变得越来越普及，我们必须解决专业基因咨询的需求。基因检测结果的解读并非总是直观的，误解可能导致不必要的焦虑或错误的健康决策。增加基因咨询师的可用性，并将基因咨询纳入基因检测的过程，可以帮助个人正确理解自己的结果。

基因检测的未来充满潜力。当我们走向这个未来时，我们有机会将其塑造为一个充分利用基因信息的未来，同时坚持伦理标准、保护隐私并确保准确解读。我们现在的决策将决定我们如何航行在这一基因前沿，谁将从其中受益。

基因检测的前景广阔，随着我们谨慎应对未来的挑战，我们正处于人类理解和健康的新纪元的前沿。随着我们继续解开基因代码的复杂面纱，我们不仅在解码生命的构建块，更在塑造人类的未来。

DNA的基础知识

DNA，全称脱氧核糖核酸，是一种由两条链缠绕成双螺旋形状的分子。它是遗传信息的载体，是驱动生命复杂机制的软件。每个DNA分子由一系列核苷酸组成，每个核苷酸含有一个磷酸基团、一分子糖和四种氮碱基之一：腺嘌呤（A）、胸腺嘧啶（T）、鸟嘌呤（G）或胞嘧啶（C）。这些碱基的特定排列构成了每个生物体独特的遗传代码。

DNA检测的魔力

DNA检测，也称为DNA分析或基因分型，是一种分析样本中遗传物质的过程，以识别其独特的遗传代码。该技术涉及从样本（如唾液）中提取DNA，对其进行扩增，然后分析DNA序列中的特定区域。通过这一过程获得的信息可以揭示从祖源到健康状况倾向等各种信息。

目前使用的两种主要DNA检测方法是SNP基因分型和全基因组测序。

SNP基因分型

SNP基因分型是一种DNA检测方法，检查基因组中特定的位置，即单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。SNP是DNA中个体之间常见变异的位置。通过检查这些SNPs，基因检测公司可以提供关于祖先、特征和健康倾向的见解。像23andMe和AncestryDNA这样的公司就使用这种类型的检测。

全基因组测序

全基因组测序（WGS）则不同，它检查个体几乎所有的DNA序列，包括非编码区域。WGS可以提供更完整的个体基因组图谱，可能揭示一些SNP基因分型遗漏的稀有遗传变异。然而，由于WGS生成的数据量巨大，解读起来可能更复杂且成本更高。

DNA检测能告诉我们什么？

祖源：DNA检测彻底改变了家谱学，使个人能够追溯其祖先的根源，并与全球的亲戚建立联系。通过将个体的DNA与参考人群进行比较，公司可以估算出你祖先来自的地理区域。

健康：某些遗传变异与特定健康状况的风险增加有关，例如乳腺癌或阿尔茨海默病。DNA检测可以揭示你是否携带这些变异。然而，必须记住，携带与某种疾病相关的遗传变异并不意味着你一定会患上该疾病——它仅表示你的风险高于平均水平。

特征：从你是否容易长雀斑到你对咖啡的耐受性，DNA检测能够揭示关于你身体特征和生活方式因素的有趣信息。

DNA检测的未来

DNA检测的科学技术在不断发展。技术的进步和成本的降低意味着更多人能够访问他们的遗传信息。随着我们对遗传学的理解不断深入，从DNA中提取的信息将变得愈加有价值。

然而，在我们拥抱个性化基因组学的新时代时，也必须注意DNA检测的伦理和隐私问题。虽然这些测试可以提供有益的信息，但它们也引发了关于数据隐私和遗传歧视的问题。

DNA检测是一个令人惊叹的工具，使我们能够窥探自己的遗传代码，更好地了解自己。它是连接复杂基因学世界和我们日常生活的桥梁。随着每一项技术的进步，我们距离解锁DNA中隐藏的更多秘密又近了一步，为个性化医疗和人类遗传学的更深入理解铺平了道路。

在继续探索这一领域时，请记住，知识就是力量。我们越是理解DNA检测背后的科学，就越能够就我们的健康、祖源和未来做出明智的决策。

How PRS Can Be Applied to Clinical Prediction:

1. Risk Stratification: PRS can be used to classify individuals into different risk categories for developing certain diseases (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers). For example, if a patient’s PRS indicates a high genetic risk for cardiovascular disease, clinicians might recommend more frequent screenings or preventive interventions such as lifestyle changes, medication, or other monitoring strategies.

2. Personalized Preventive Medicine: By combining genetic risk (from PRS) with environmental and lifestyle data, clinicians can tailor preventive measures more effectively. For example, an individual with a high PRS for type 2 diabetes could receive personalized advice on diet, exercise, and weight management to mitigate their genetic risk.

3. Early Detection: PRS could assist in identifying individuals at a higher genetic risk for diseases that have no early symptoms, like certain cancers or neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer’s). This could lead to earlier interventions, surveillance programs, or the use of predictive tests (like imaging) at an earlier stage.

4. Treatment Selection: In some cases, PRS could guide clinicians in choosing the most appropriate treatments based on an individual’s genetic predisposition. For example, some medications may work better for individuals with certain genetic backgrounds, so understanding their PRS can help optimize therapy.

Limitations in Clinical Application:

1. Polygenic Nature of Disease: PRS is based on the cumulative effect of many small genetic variants. This makes it more challenging to predict diseases accurately because each variant contributes only a small part of the overall risk. Many common diseases also involve complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors, making it difficult to isolate the contribution of genes alone.

2. Incomplete Prediction: PRS does not guarantee the onset of a disease. It only estimates the relative risk compared to the general population. For example, someone with a high PRS for heart disease may still never develop the condition due to protective lifestyle choices, while someone with a low PRS might still develop the disease due to other risk factors like diet or stress.

3. Genetic Data Interpretation: The accuracy of PRS depends on the quality and scope of the genetic data used to create the score. While large population studies have been instrumental in identifying genetic variants, there may be important genetic factors that haven't yet been discovered. Also, PRS models are typically developed for populations of European descent, and their applicability to individuals from other ethnic backgrounds may be limited.

4. Ethical and Psychological Concerns: The use of genetic information, including PRS, can raise ethical issues, such as the potential for genetic discrimination (in employment or insurance), privacy concerns, and psychological impacts (e.g., anxiety or stress from knowing one is at high risk for a disease). In clinical practice, care must be taken in how the information is communicated to patients.

5. Integration into Clinical Practice: While research on PRS has progressed rapidly, its widespread adoption into clinical practice still faces challenges. Clinical guidelines for using PRS are still being developed, and healthcare providers need more training on how to interpret and apply these scores.

Current and Future Applications:

• Cardiovascular Diseases: PRS for cardiovascular risk is one of the most well-studied, and many studies suggest that it could be useful for identifying people at high risk for heart attacks or strokes. However, more evidence is needed on how to incorporate it into routine practice.

• Cancer: For some cancers (e.g., breast cancer), PRS is showing promise in helping to identify individuals at higher risk, although current clinical guidelines don’t yet recommend it as part of routine screening.

• Mental Health: PRS for psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia or depression) is an emerging area, but it is not yet ready for routine clinical use, as it faces significant challenges in terms of predictive power and how to integrate it with environmental and clinical factors.

In summary, while PRS holds significant potential for clinical prediction in areas like disease risk stratification, personalized medicine, and early detection, it’s not yet fully ready for widespread routine use in clinical practice. More research, improved accuracy, and better integration with other clinical data will be necessary for its full potential to be realized.

Here’s how it works:

1. Genetic Variants: Researchers identify specific genetic variants that are associated with a particular trait or disease. These variants might not directly cause the condition, but rather increase or decrease the likelihood of its occurrence.

2. Weighting of Variants: Each genetic variant is assigned a weight based on its statistical association with the trait. This weight is often derived from large-scale studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which look for correlations between genetic markers and diseases or traits in large populations.

3. Calculation of PRS: The individual’s genetic data is analyzed, and the PRS is calculated by summing the contributions (weighted values) of all relevant genetic variants. The higher the score, the greater the genetic predisposition to the trait or disease.

4. Risk Prediction: PRS can help estimate an individual's relative risk for diseases like heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers, and mental health conditions. It doesn't guarantee that someone will develop the disease, but it can indicate whether they are at higher or lower risk compared to the general population.

Use of PRS:

• Personalized Medicine: PRS can aid in predicting who might benefit from certain preventive interventions or treatments.
• Risk Stratification: It can be used by doctors to identify individuals who may need closer monitoring for particular conditions, even before symptoms appear.
• Genetic Counseling: For individuals with a family history of a disease, PRS can provide additional insight into their own genetic risk.

While PRS is a useful tool for understanding genetic risk, it's important to note that genetics is only one piece of the puzzle. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and other non-genetic factors also play significant roles in disease development.

1. Genetic Predisposition to Diseases:

Some genetic variations are linked to an increased risk of developing specific diseases, such as:

• Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart disease, high cholesterol)
• Cancer (e.g., breast cancer linked to BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations)
• Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s)
• Metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, obesity)
• Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)

These genetic factors don’t guarantee you’ll develop the condition, but they increase the likelihood based on the presence of certain risk genes.

2. Carrier Status for Inherited Conditions:

Some genetic disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning you need two copies of a mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. For example:

• Cystic fibrosis
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease

You may be a carrier of a condition without exhibiting symptoms, but you can still pass it on to your children if they inherit the gene.

3. Pharmacogenomics (Drug Response):

Your genetics can also influence how your body processes and responds to medications. Some variations affect:

• Drug metabolism: Some people metabolize drugs faster or slower, which can affect how well a medication works or how toxic it might be at standard dosages.
• Efficacy and side effects: Genetic factors can determine whether a medication will be effective or whether it could cause adverse side effects.

4. Genetic Factors and Environmental Interactions:

Your genes may not act alone—environmental factors such as diet, exercise, and exposure to toxins can interact with genetic predispositions to modify health risks. For example, someone with a genetic predisposition to high cholesterol might only develop heart disease if they also have an unhealthy diet or lifestyle.

5. Polygenic Risk Scores:

In some cases, health risks are influenced by many small genetic variations, each contributing a little bit to your overall risk. These can be combined into a polygenic risk score (PRS) that provides an estimate of your genetic predisposition to a specific disease. PRS is becoming more widely used for diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.

6. Genetic Testing and Risk Assessment:

There are now genetic tests that can provide insights into your health risks. These tests analyze your DNA for known mutations and provide risk estimates for various conditions. The results can help with early detection, prevention, and lifestyle changes to reduce the impact of these risks.

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服务范围和报价

介绍

Gene to Health Limited 很高兴为您量身定做我们全面的服务范围和报价，以支持您的研究实验室的数据分析和组学研究需求。 利用我们在人类遗传学和生物信息学分析方面的专业知识，我们致力于提供博士水平的、高质量的、经济高效的解决方案，以助力您的研究取得成功。

报价单

所有基本价格均以港币（ HKD ）为单位，并会根据项目范围和具体要求发生变化。

估计总成本： 因所选服务而异

特别套餐优惠：对于选择多种（>3）服务的客户，可享受 10% 的折扣。

条款与细则

一.  付款条件： 协议时预付30%，项目完成后70%。 或者通过谈判的里程碑。 所有付款应在发票日期后 30 天内结清。

二.  交货时间： 取决于项目范围; 预计2-12周。

三.  修订： 每个可交付结果最多包括两轮主要修订和五轮次要修订。

四.  保密性： 所有客户数据都将严格保密。

五.  有效期： 報價自簽發之日起 30 天內有效。

六.  可交付性： 所有分析的数据、软件输出、渠道指令和可交付结果（例如数字、表格、训练模型、参数）都将返回给客户。 生成的脚本的可用性是可以协商的，具体取决于合同范围、客户需求和关键知识产权的参与。

服务范围

生物信息学服务

1. 基於 GWAS 的统计分析

描述： 遗传数据的综合全基因组关联分析 （GWAS），以确定遗传变异与各种表型性状之间的关联。

工具和软件 ：

• 主要： PLINK、REGENIE、GCTA、GATK
• 附加： LDSC、FUMA、BOLT-LMM、EIGENSOFT、SNPTEST、EMMAX、METAL、FINEMAP

渠道和流程：

• 数据清理和品质控制： 通过去除低质量的样本和变体来确保数据完整性。
• 种群分层： 使用主成分分析 （PCA） 校正种群结构。
• 全基因組關聯研究 （ GWAS ）： 識別與特定性狀相關的重要遺傳變異。
• 遗传力估计： 计算遗传因素解释的方差比例。
• 插补： 使用参考面板增强基因型数据完整性。
• Meta 分析： 结合多项研究的结果以提高统计功效。

2. 单细胞组学分析

描述： 对单细胞基因组和转录组数据进行详细分析，以了解细胞异质性和复杂的生物过程。

工具和软件 ：

• 主要： Partek Flow
• 附加功能： Seurat、Scanpy、CellRanger、Monocle、Drop-seq Tools、SingleR

渠道和流程：

• 数据预处理： 单细胞数据的质量控制、归一化和缩放。
• 聚類和降維： 使用PCA、t-SNE或UMAP識別不同的細胞群。
• 差异表达分析： 检测跨簇表达显著变化的基因。
• 轨迹分析： 推断细胞发育途径和谱系关系。
• 多模态数据的整合： 将单细胞 RNA-seq 与其他数据类型（例如 ATAC-seq）相结合。

3. 多基因风险评分 （ PRS ） 训练、建模和测试

描述： 开发和验证多基因风险评分，以根据遗传数据预测个体对各种健康状况的易感性。

工具和软件 ：

• 主要： PRSice、LDpred、PRS-CS
• 附加： PLINK、LASSOSUM、SBayesR

渠道和流程：

• SNP 选择： 识别风险评分的相关遗传变异。
• 加權： 根據 GWAS 結果為每個 SNP 分配效應大小。
• 分數計算： 聚合加權 SNP 以計算單個 PRS。
• 验证： 在独立排队中测试 PRS 的预测准确性。
• 优化： 优化模型以提高预测性能。

4. 流行病学统计模型

描述： 应用统计模型研究人群中健康相关状态和事件的分布和决定因素。

工具和软件 ：

• 主要： R（例如生存包）
• 附加： Python（例如 statsmodels）

渠道和流程：

• Cox 比例风险模型： 评估变量对事件发生时间结果的影响。
• 逻辑回归： 对二元结果进行建模。
• 线性回归： 分析连续性状。
• 混合效应模型： 处理分层或纵向数据结构。
• 生存分析： 估计生存函数和风险比。

5. 监督式机器学习模型

描述： 实施机器学习技术来预测结果并识别数据中的模式。

工具和软件 ：

• 主要： scikit-learn （Python）、隨機森林、支援向量機 （SVM）、神經網路
• 附加：
• 提升演算法： XGBoost、LightGBM、AdaBoost、CatBoost
• 深度學習框架： PyTorch
• 集成方法： 梯度提升机 （GBM）、额外的树、装袋
• 回歸模型： ElasticNet、Lasso、Ridge 回歸
• 其他演算法： 樸素貝葉斯、決策樹

渠道和流程： https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=35 服务内容 All services 2025-02-05 12:14:00 +0800

Team Profile

Company website: https://gene2h.com

Under the guidance of Prof. Pak Sham, Gene to Health Limited was founded in October 2022 with Dr. Chen Guolan as the founding CEO and Dr. Justin Tubbs as confounder and former CTO. The company is currently undergoing a three-year incubation at the Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTP). The company develops multi-omics prediction technology with polygenic risk scoring as the core, with the goal of predicting, early screening and auxiliary diagnosis of various common and complex diseases such as childhood autism, Alzheimer's, depression, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, etc., combined with the AI-assisted virtual genetic counseling platform.

The laboratory's research focuses on the intersection of statistical genetics, machine learning, genomics, and bioinformatics. Dr. Chen's research focuses on the application of multiple regular regression and Bayesian models to genomic big data mining of disease cohorts to achieve fine mapping of pathogenic genes in complex diseases and analysis of genetic structure of phenotypic groups. Dr. Chen holds a bachelor's degree in biostatistics from the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, and recently graduated from the Department of Psychiatry of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong in 2024 under the supervision of Professor Pak Sham, a world-renowned human geneticist (with more than 150,000 citations). The R&D scientists in the team are proficient in IT development and data science skills such as R language, Python, html5, database, cloud computing, etc., and are good at handling high-dimensional data analysis and complex model construction. The entrepreneurial team has accumulated rich experience in bioinformatics, genomics, and multimodal data analysis, and is committed to promoting the interdisciplinary application of biotechnology and pharmaceutical innovation.

Gene to Health Limited is the first in Asia to develop a practical application of polygenic scoring technology based on millions of disease-related genetic variant data, which can predict more than 800 traits and diseases at an early stage, and is now developing from the positioning of health management products to the clinical direction. We provide ultra-early and full-coverage disease and phenotype prediction services through genetic testing combined with questionnaires, nutritional data, physical examinations and medical records, proteomics and metabolomics data, etc., so that people can obtain a variety of health management and medical benefits, and ultimately help early screening, auxiliary diagnosis and early intervention of diseases. The technologies used by the company include statistical modeling, machine learning, big data analysis, epidemiological analysis, bioinformatics, database development, and AI large language model development.

Introduction to our core products

Our core product suite is an integrated intelligent genetic prediction technology platform called Gene-to-Health (G2H). Trained on genomic research data (open data) from millions of people, the platform is able to make predictions about various human traits and common diseases based on an individual's genetic data (DNA variation information). This genetic data is easily available from test kits sold by most direct-to-consumer genetic testing vendors (e.g., Microgenetics, 23 Rubik's Cube). G2H provides more than just disease risk analysis; Combined with the generative AI model, it actually acts as a virtual genetic counselor, analyzing and explaining the customer's genetic test report through question-and-answer interaction, and providing intelligent and personalized nutrition, prevention and intervention suggestions. At present, our platform is used by enterprise users in the gene industry for product development and scientific research services.

The cost of genetic testing has rapidly decreased and is currently affordable (hundreds to thousands of RMB) for most people. However, the effectiveness and benefits of all currently commercially available test kits in terms of healthcare are relatively weak. Most consumers don't feel the benefits because even well-known providers such as 23AndMe, Ancestry, and Microgene have very limited information about their personal health information. In order to attract more customers, the G2H platform can help them provide comprehensive healthcare prediction and fertility consultation advice services, adding a very attractive selling point. We envision that in the near future, people will be able to understand their (and their children's) future risk of developing common diseases for a single test that will not only be lifelong, but will always be updated with the accumulation of big data and technological advancements.

The G2H platform is designed to help users optimize their lifestyles, prevent and manage related diseases, and improve their overall health by using advanced genomics analysis, personalized nutrition solutions, and health management systems in the following four areas:

1. Risk assessment and management of common diseases:
   Based on genetic data, physical examination reports, and lifestyle information, the G2H platform conducts risk assessment of common chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, and provides personalized health intervention suggestions according to the specific risk level of users. Through regular monitoring and precise management, the platform effectively helps users reduce the risk of disease and improve their quality of life.
2. Diet and Nutrition Optimization:
   The G2H platform provides users with personalized dietary recommendations through in-depth analysis of individual genomes combined with accurate nutritional data, optimizes nutritional intake, and prevents diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. The platform can also provide scientific dietary adjustment suggestions and recommended nutritional supplement plans by combining the dietary behavior and nutrient intake information provided by users.
3. Skin health management:
   By analyzing users' genetic data, the G2H platform is able to identify genetic variants associated with skin aging, sensitivities, and diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. Combined with accurate skin care suggestions and lifestyle adjustments, we provide users with skin health management solutions and skin care product recommendations to delay aging, improve skin condition, and prevent the occurrence of skin diseases.
4. Cancer risk prediction and intervention:
   Using mutant gene detection and big data analysis, the G2H platform provides users with personalized cancer risk predictions, especially for cancer types that are closely related to genetic genes (such as breast cancer and colon cancer). The platform combines nutrition, exercise and lifestyle interventions to provide scientific prevention and early screening recommendations.

Through these specialized applications, the G2H platform provides users with a full range of health management support, helping everyone achieve a healthier and better life.

In addition to G2H's platform, the company has built other R&D pipelines:

1)     An intelligent genomic breeding screening platform for agricultural breedin (genomics-for-breeding, G4B);

2)     G2H-Pet and G4B-Pet for Pet (Cat and Dog) Disease Prediction and Breeding;

3)     Genome-based multi-omics prediction and diagnosis tools for degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease;

4)     Genome-guided medication consultation tool for breast cancer patients.

The above pipelines are all in the early stage of research and development or concept verification.

Company vision

Represented by the UK Biobank and the All of US cohort, the "Population Genome Project" and "Large Cohort", which are characterized by the simultaneous acquisition of genomic (multi-omics)-phenotype data of large samples in the same population, are emerging in countries around the world. These cohorts often have sample sizes ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of people. The health information contained in genetic big data is a valuable resource for every group of people and nations, and is an indispensable part of building population health, precision medicine and good preventive medicine. As the world's most populous country and a multi-ethnic country, China is also striving for the top, and various scientific research units are uniting to promote the construction and development of the Chinese population. The company's long-term vision is to lay the infrastructure for the construction of the large fleet of Chinese people, and to do a good job in the development and preparation of research design and tools, software and algorithms, operation management and systems.

Prospects for cooperation

Our G2H platform can be specialized and tuned for the prediction and evaluation of specific directions and types of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease prediction. We have created a sample version that does not require genetic data, aiming to help users assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (including heart attack and stroke) in the next 10 years through advanced genomic analysis and a variety of authoritative risk assessment methods based on questionnaire data, providing a scientific basis for health management and medical interventions. Try our demo and get your own report in English or Chinese for free at https://g2h.lanechen.xyz

Because the G2H platform covers more than 800 phenotypes and diseases, there is a huge potential for collaboration with partners who specialize in different areas by collaborating on the development of specialized applications.

We can further improve the adaptability and scalability of the G2H platform through modular design and flexible interfaces, enabling it to quickly integrate algorithms and data sources from different domains. For example, partners can combine their own datasets and algorithms to work with our platform to develop customized solutions for specific populations, specific diseases, or specific scenarios. This open cooperation model can not only quickly respond to market demand, but also promote multi-party resource sharing and technological innovation.

In addition, the G2H platform has strong data privacy protection capabilities, and ensures the security and compliance of user data through advanced encryption technology and de-identification processing. This makes the platform more advantageous in the field of healthcare, and can provide reliable data processing and analysis support for medical institutions, scientific research teams and business partners.

In the future, we will further expand the application scope of the G2H platform, such as developing more efficient and accurate assessment tools for metabolic diseases, psychiatric diseases, geriatric diseases, neurological diseases and tumor risk prediction.

Looking forward to working with you!

If you are interested in further negotiation or more information, please contact us:

       •     Contact information of CEO Dr. Chen Guolan

Email：lanechenhku@gmail.com;

WeChat：lane13318032043;

WhatsApp: +852 46404365

       •     Company Email:support@gene2h.com

       •     Official Website:www.gene2h.com

At G2H, we believe in empowering individuals to take control of their heart health with cutting-edge tools. Our G2H-CVD1.0 is a powerful risk prediction model designed to assess your 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).

How It Works:

1. Simple Inputs: Enter your basic health information, such as age, sex, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and lifestyle factors.
2. Advanced Predictive Model: Using state-of-the-art algorithms, G2H-CVD1.0 analyzes your data to generate a personalized risk assessment for cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years.
3. Get Your Free Report: Once you complete the input, you will receive a detailed risk prediction report along with personalized recommendations to improve your heart health.

Why Use G2H-CVD1.0?

• Accurate Predictions: G2H-CVD1.0 uses scientifically validated models to give you a reliable prediction.
• Personalized Recommendations: Based on your results, you’ll get tailored suggestions to improve your health.
• Completely Free: No hidden costs or requirements, just input your details and get your risk report.

Start Your Risk Prediction Today:

Click on the button below to get started with the G2H-CVD1.0 prediction tool.

Try G2H-CVD1.0 Now

https://g2h.lanechen.xyz

Important Notes:

• The prediction is based on available health data. For a full health assessment, please consult a healthcare professional.
• This tool is designed to provide general insights. Individual risk factors may vary.

Scope of Services and Quotation

Introduction

Gene to Health Limited is pleased to present our comprehensive Scope of Services and Quotation tailored to support your research laboratory's data analysis and omics research needs. Leveraging our expertise in advanced genetic and bioinformatics analyses, we are committed to delivering PhD-level, high-quality, cost-effective solutions to enhance your research capabilities.

Quotation

All base prices are in Hong Kong Dollars (HKD) and are subject to uprise change based on project scope and specific requirements.

Total Estimated Cost: Varies based on selected services

Special Package Offer: For clients opting for multiple (>3) services, a 10% discount is applicable.

Terms and Conditions

1. Payment Terms: 30% upfront upon agreement, 70% upon project completion. Or by milestones upon negotiations. All payments shall be settled within 30 days against invoice date.
2. Delivery Timeframe: Dependent on project scope; estimated between 2-12 weeks.
3. Revisions: Includes up to two rounds of major revisions and five rounds of minor revisions per deliverable.
4. Confidentiality: All client data will be handled with strict confidentiality.
5. Validity: Quotation valid for 30 days from the date of issuance.
6. Deliverability: All analyzed data, software outputs, pipeline instructions and deliverable results (such as figures, tables, trained models, parameters) will be returned to clients. The availability of generated scripts is negotiable, depending on contract scope, client’s demands, and involvement of key intellectual properties.

Scope of Services

Bioinformatic Services

1. GWAS-based Statistical Genetic Analysis

Description: Comprehensive genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) of genetic data to identify associations between genetic variants and various phenotypic traits.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: PLINK, REGENIE, GCTA, GATK
• Additional: LDSC, FUMA, BOLT-LMM, EIGENSOFT, SNPTEST, EMMAX, METAL, FINEMAP

Pipeline & Processes:

• Data Cleaning & Quality Control: Ensuring data integrity by removing low-quality samples and variants.
• Population Stratification: Correcting for population structure using principal component analysis (PCA).
• Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS): Identifying significant genetic variants associated with specific traits.
• Heritability Estimation: Calculating the proportion of variance explained by genetic factors.
• Imputation: Enhancing genotype data completeness using reference panels.
• Meta-Analysis: Combining results from multiple studies to increase statistical power.

2. Single-Cell Omics Analysis

Description: Detailed analysis of single-cell genomic and transcriptomic data to understand cellular heterogeneity and complex biological processes.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: Partek Flow
• Additional: Seurat, Scanpy, CellRanger, Monocle, Drop-seq Tools, SingleR

Pipeline & Processes:

• Data Preprocessing: Quality control, normalization, and scaling of single-cell data.
• Clustering & Dimensionality Reduction: Identifying distinct cell populations using PCA, t-SNE, or UMAP.
• Differential Expression Analysis: Detecting genes with significant expression changes across clusters.
• Trajectory Analysis: Inferring cellular development pathways and lineage relationships.
• Integration of Multi-Modal Data: Combining single-cell RNA-seq with other data types (e.g., ATAC-seq).

3. Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) Training, Modeling, and Testing

Description: Development and validation of polygenic risk scores to predict individual susceptibility to various health conditions based on genetic data.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: PRSice, LDpred, PRS-CS
• Additional: PLINK, LASSOSUM, SBayesR

Pipeline & Processes:

• SNP Selection: Identifying relevant genetic variants for the risk score.
• Weighting: Assigning effect sizes to each SNP based on GWAS results.
• Score Calculation: Aggregating weighted SNPs to compute individual PRS.
• Validation: Testing the predictive accuracy of PRS in independent cohorts.
• Optimization: Refining models to improve prediction performance.

4. Epidemiological Statistical Models

Description: Application of statistical models to study the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events within populations.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: R (e.g. survival package)
• Additional: Python (e.g. statsmodels)

Pipeline & Processes:

• Cox Proportional Hazards Models: Assessing the impact of variables on time-to-event outcomes.
• Logistic Regression: Modeling binary outcomes.
• Linear Regression: Analyzing continuous traits.
• Mixed-Effects Models: Handling hierarchical or longitudinal data structures.
• Survival Analysis: Estimating survival functions and hazard ratios.

5. Supervised Machine Learning Models

Description: Implementation of machine learning techniques to predict outcomes and identify patterns within your data.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: Scikit-learn (Python), Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Neural Networks
• Additional:
• Boosting Algorithms: XGBoost, LightGBM, AdaBoost, CatBoost
• Deep Learning Frameworks: PyTorch
• Ensemble Methods: Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM), Extra Trees, Bagging
• Regression Models: ElasticNet, Lasso, Ridge Regression
• Other Algorithms: Naive Bayes, Decision Trees

Pipeline & Processes:

• Data Preparation: Feature selection, engineering, and data splitting into training and testing sets.
• Model Training: Building models using algorithms like Random Forest, SVM, Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks.
• Model Evaluation: Assessing performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC.
• Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimizing model parameters for improved performance.
• Model Deployment: Integrating models into existing workflows or systems.

6. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis

Description: Comprehensive analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data to provide insights into genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic landscapes.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: Illumina BaseSpace, Bowtie2, STAR, HISAT2
• Additional: BWA, SAMtools, BEDTools, DESeq2, EdgeR, FastQC, MultiQC

Pipeline & Processes:

• Quality Control: Assessing sequencing quality using FastQC and MultiQC.
• Read Alignment: Mapping reads to reference genomes using BWA, Bowtie2, or STAR.
• Variant Calling: Identifying SNPs and indels with tools like GATK and SAMtools.
• Transcriptome Assembly: Assembling RNA-seq data using HISAT2 and StringTie.
• Differential Expression Analysis: Utilizing DESeq2 and EdgeR for identifying differentially expressed genes.
• Functional Annotation: Annotating variants and genes using ANNOVAR and SnpEff.
• Data Integration: Combining NGS data with other omics datasets for multi-dimensional analysis.

7. Long Read Sequencing Analysis

Description: Advanced analysis of long-read sequencing data to resolve complex genomic regions, detect structural variants, and enhance genome assemblies.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: SMRT Analysis (PacBio), Nanopore Tools (ONT)
• Additional: Canu, Flye, Minimap2, Longshot, Porechop, Guppy, Racon, Pilon, SVIM, Sniffles, Prokka, MAKER

Pipeline & Processes:

• Basecalling: Converting raw sequencing data into nucleotide sequences using Guppy or similar tools.
• Read Filtering: Removing low-quality reads and adapters with Porechop and Fastp.
• Alignment: Mapping reads to reference genomes using Minimap2 or BWA-MEM.
• De Novo Assembly: Constructing genome assemblies from long reads with Canu or Flye.
• Hybrid Assembly: Combining long reads with short reads for improved assembly accuracy.
• Error Correction: Refining assemblies using Racon for consensus polishing and Pilon for further error correction.
• Structural Variant Detection: Identifying large insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations using tools like SVIM and Sniffles.
• Annotation: Annotating assembled genomes with functional and structural information using Prokka and MAKER.
• Comparative Genomics: Comparing assemblies across different samples or conditions to identify genomic variations.

8. Post-GWAS Analyses

Description: Post-GWAS analyses help interpret genetic associations identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), linking statistical results to biological mechanisms. They pinpoint causal variants, explore genetic architectures, and assess functional impacts.

Key Analyses:

1. Fine-Mapping
• Objective: Identify likely causal variants in associated loci.
• Tools: CAVIAR, FINEMAP
• Process: Integrate GWAS statistics with LD data, perform statistical fine-mapping, prioritize variants for validation.
2. Functional Annotation
• Objective: Understand the biological functions of variants and their impact on gene regulation or protein function.
• Tools: ANNOVAR, VEP
• Process: Annotate variants with genomic locations, regulatory elements, and gene associations.
3. Pathway Enrichment
• Objective: Identify biological pathways enriched with associated genes.
• Tools: MAGMA, DAVID
• Process: Map variants to genes, perform enrichment analysis, interpret relevant pathways.
4. Colocalization Analysis
• Objective: Assess if the same variant affects multiple traits.
• Tools: COLOC, SMR
• Process: Integrate GWAS with eQTL data, test shared genetic architecture.
5. Gene-Based Testing
• Objective: Evaluate the cumulative effect of gene variants on traits.
• Tools: MAGMA, VEGAS2
• Process: Aggregate variant associations within genes, perform statistical tests.
6. Heritability Partitioning
• Objective: Estimate contributions of functional categories to trait heritability.
• Tools: LDSC
• Process: Assign SNPs to functional categories and estimate their heritability.
7. eQTL Analysis
• Objective: Link GWAS variants with gene expression.
• Tools: GTEx, FastQTL
• Process: Cross-reference GWAS variants with eQTL databases, explore gene regulation mechanisms.

9. Mendelian Randomization Study

Description: Mendelian Randomization (MR) uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to infer causal links between risk factors and health outcomes, reducing confounding and reverse causality.

Tools & Software:

• Primary: MRBase, MVMR, TwoSampleMR, MRInstruments
• Additional: GCTA, PLINK

Pipelines & Processes:

1. Instrumental Variables Selection
• Objective: Identify SNPs st]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=30 服务内容 All services 2025-02-05 11:20:00 +0800

  基因智健有限公司

  
  

  https://gene2h.com

  
  在沈伯松教授的指导下，基因智健有限公司与2022年10月创办，创始CEO为陈国蓝博士，CTO为Justin Tubbs博士。公司现正在香港科技园（HKSTP）接受为期三年的孵化。公司发展以多基因风险评分为核心的多组学预测技术，以儿童自闭症、阿兹海默、抑郁症、二型糖尿病、高血压病、冠状动脉疾病等各类常见复杂疾病的预测、早筛及辅助诊断为目标，结合到AI辅助的虚拟遗传咨询平台中面向消费者。我们是亚洲首个开发出基于数百万与疾病相关的遗传变异大数据的多基因评分技术的有用应用，能够早期预测超过800种特征和疾病。我们准确的遗传预测服务使人们能够通过进行基因检测获取多种医疗好处，助力疾病筛查、诊断和早期干预。公司使用到的技术包括统计建模、机器学习、大数据分析、生物信息学、数据库开发AI大语言模型开发。
  
  我们开发了一个名为“基因到健康”（Gene-to-Health, G2H）的综合智能遗传预测平台。该平台基于数百万人群的基因组研究数据（公开数据）训练，能够根据个人的遗传数据（DNA变异信息）对各种人类特征和常见疾病做出预测。这些基因数据可轻松从大多数直接面向消费者的遗传测试供应商（如微基因，23魔方）销售的测试套件中获得。G2H提供的不仅仅是疾病风险分析；结合生成性AI模型，它实际充当一位虚拟遗传咨询师，通过问答式互动，分析讲解客户的遗传检测报告，提供智能化个性化的营养、预防和干预建议。目前已有基因行业企业用户使用我们的平台用于产品研发和科研服务。
  
  我们了解到，基因检测成本已快速降低，目前对大多数人来说是可承受的（数百到数千人民币）。然而，目前市售所有检测套件在医疗健康方面的效果和益处相对较弱。大多数消费者感受不到好的收益，因为即使是知名的提供商如23AndMe和Ancestry，他们的报告对个人健康信息的告知非常有限。为了吸引更多顾客，我们帮助他们提供全面的医疗保健和生育咨询服务，增加了极具吸引力的卖点。只需花费数百人民币进行一次检测，人们就能了解自己（以及他们的孩子）患上常见疾病的未来风险，而且是终身的、始终在更新的。
  
  除了G2H的平台外，公司还打造了四大研发管线： 1）面向农业育种的智能化基因组育种筛选平台（genomics-for-breeding, G4B），
  2） 面向宠物（猫狗）疾病预测和育种的G2Pet和G4Pet，
  3）针对老年痴呆及帕金森等退行性疾病的以基因组为核心、结合蛋白组的多组学预测与诊断工具，4）面向乳腺癌患者的基因组指导用药咨询工具。以上管线均在前期研发或者构想验证中。
  
  以英国生物银行(UK Biobank)，美国(All of US）队列为代表，以同时获取同一人群中大样本的基因组（多组学）-表型组数据为核心特征的“人群基因组计划”、“大队列”正在世界各国兴起，如火如荼。这些队列的样本量常常高达数十万人到上百万人。基因大数据蕴藏的健康信息，对每个人群和民族都是宝贵的资源，是打造人群大健康和精准医学、良好的预防医学必不可少的一环。作为世界人口大国，多民族国家，我国也在勇争上游，各科研单位正团结起来推动中国人群大队列的建设和发展。公司的远期愿景是为中国人群大队列的建设铺设基础设施，做好研究设计和工具端、软件和算法端、运营管理和和系统端三个方面的开发和准备。
  
  
  
  ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=29 公司信息 Company Info 2024-04-09 03:42:00 +0800

  沈伯松教授

  
  

  沈教授是一位在人类基因组学、精神病遗传学、流行病学和统计学领域享誉国际的专家，以其卓越学术成就闻名，拥有高达149的H-index和超过14万次的论文引用（根据谷歌学术整理），在2023年被列为全球顶尖科学家医学领域华人科学家的前20名（research.com排名）。

  
  沈教授在英国剑桥大学取得医学科学学士学位后，继续在牛津大学攻读临床医学学士和硕士学位，并在1989年成为英国皇家精神病学院的会员。此后，他在伦敦伯克贝克学院获得应用统计学与运筹学硕士学位，并于2001年在剑桥大学获得统计遗传学博士学位。
  
  回港前，沈教授曾长期在英国工作。他拥有伦敦数间著名医院的精神卫生医师临床工作经历，随后转向研究工作。曾在伦敦精神病学研究所担任高级讲师（1994-1998）、研究员（1998-2000），随后在伦敦国王学院担任精神病和统计遗传学教授（2000-2006）。他还曾在美国弗吉尼亚医学院作为访问学者（1992-1993）进行研究。
  
  2006年受时任校长徐立之邀请回到香港，沈教授的职业生涯继续取得显著进展。他在香港大学担任了多个重要职位，包括基因组科学中心创始主任和精神病学系主任，领导港大基因组学中心引入先进基因研究设备，代表香港参与了国际单倍型（HapMap）计划，千人基因组（1000 Genome）计划等重大国际项目，并长期担任香港大学基因组学战略研究主题召集人。目前，他在香港大学李嘉诚医学院担任精神病遗传学讲座教授，同时也是大脑与认知科学国家重点实验室的联合主任、孙志新临床科学教授，负责港大泛组学中心的研究与培训工作，并在基因智健有限公司担任顾问委员会主任。
  
  此外，他还在香港大学生殖、发育与成长中心、医学院人力资源委员会等多个相关机构中担任要职。沈教授在香港的工作不仅限于学术领域，还包括在医院管治委员会（青山医院和小榄医院）、食物及卫生局精神健康服务工作组、食物及卫生局基因医学指导委员会等公共卫生领域曾担任成员。他还曾担任青山医院精神卫生研究所主席（2013-2019）。 现任香港医院管理局基因服务中央委员会成员（2013年起），香港大学大学研究委员会成员（2017年起），香港特别行政区和平法官（2017年起），香港基因组研究所科学咨询委员会成员（2020年起）。
  
  沈教授参与了多个国际学术组织和委员会，曾任中国罕见病研究联盟副主席（2013-2017年）、 国际罕见病研究联盟诊断委员会成员（2013-2017年）；现任《人类遗传学》主编，国际遗传流行病学学会的执行董事会成员（2017年起），致力于推动相关学科发展和国际学术交流。曾领导组织了国际双胞胎及家族研究统计方法学研讨会（美国科罗拉多州博尔德，2009和2011），第二届国际基因组编辑峰会（香港，2018）。
  
  沈教授获得的荣誉和奖项众多，包括Wellcome Trust大学奖、国际行为遗传学学会David Fulker奖、NARSAD青年研究员奖、国际遗传流行病学学会Robert Elston奖、港大杰出访问教授荣誉、港大医学院杰出研究成果奖等。作为一名杰出的导师，沈教授曾指导培养了Prof. Benjamin Neale（哈佛医学院）, Prof. Shaun Purcell（哈佛医学院），李涛教授（浙江大学医学院附属精神卫生中心院长）、李淼新教授（中山大学）、李俊教授（天津医科大学）、苏汉昌教授（香港中文大学）、唐诗敏教授（香港大学）等多位知名学者。
  
  
  ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=28 公司信息 Company Info 2024-04-09 03:36:00 +0800
  

  Use this link NEW! NEW!

  上传文件到服务器 by gene2h.com

  https://gene2h.com/upload.html

  

  立即上传  Upload Now 

  I. Before uploading 上传前

  请先登录

  Please  log in (sign up) first

  
  

  II. Order and pay 下订单购买

  购买相应的产品，填写订单并支付（试用G2H则非必需)

  Buy your preferred product by making an order with proper payment (can skip if you just would like to try G2H)

  
  

  III. Upload your data here    在此上传数据： https://gene2h.com/upload.html

  请您将从基因检测提供商那里获取的DNA文件打包压缩并一次性上传

  Please upload your packed/compressed DNA files, which are assessible from your genetic testing providers.

  
  

  Note: supported formats: zip/tar/7zip/rar; original formats can include bfiles, vcf, bcf, 23andme etc.

  
  

  IV. Fill in the questionnaire 填写问卷

  问卷::Questionnaire: Your Personal Information

  
  

  V. 后续管理

  在此检查管理你上传的文件 

  Check and manage your uploaded files here

  ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=27 27 2024-03-24 06:07:00 +0800
• 多基因评分 Polygenic Scoring
• 基因检测 Genetic Testing
• 遗传学 Genetics ABC
• 我们相关 About us and products
• 活动视频 Video records of activities
• 
  
]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=26 26 2024-03-24 04:27:00 +0800 ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=25 More Videos 2024-03-24 04:03:00 +0800 ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=24 Introduction to PGS 2024-03-24 04:01:00 +0800 ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=23 Media News 2024-03-24 03:57:00 +0800 https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=22 22 2024-03-24 03:34:00 +0800
]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=21 示例报告Sample Report 2023-07-27 22:04:00 +0800 Introduction

Genetics plays an integral role in determining an individual's susceptibility to various diseases. Advances in genomic technology have enabled scientists to explore the genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. Among these developments, Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) have emerged as a significant technological breakthrough, leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data to calculate an individual's cumulative risk across many genetic variants.

The Technology behind Polygenic Risk Scores

The computation of PRS is based on GWAS, which is a study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. GWAS identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are correlated with the traits of interest. Following a GWAS, a PRS can be computed for an individual as the sum of risk alleles that the person has, each weighted by the effect size estimated from the GWAS.

Essentially, PRS takes into account the additive effects of multiple genetic variants, considering not only those with a large impact but also those with a small effect. This polygenic approach helps capture a broader view of genetic predisposition, thereby providing a more comprehensive risk profile.

Applications of Polygenic Risk Scores

PRS are currently being used in a variety of contexts, from academic research to clinical settings. They are often applied to predict individual risk for diseases that have a known genetic component, such as breast cancer, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes.

In the research context, PRS are helping scientists to understand the genetics behind complex traits and diseases better. This increased understanding is also facilitating the development of potential new treatments and interventions.

In clinical settings, PRS are increasingly being integrated into risk assessment models to provide a more personalized estimate of disease risk. This can assist clinicians in identifying high-risk individuals for earlier interventions or more intensive monitoring.

Potential of PRS in Predicting Health Traits and Disease Risk

The potential of PRS is vast. They offer the possibility of screening an entire population for genetic risk factors, thus identifying at-risk individuals even before the onset of symptoms. This can open up new pathways for preventive medicine and early intervention, which could significantly impact public health.

Moreover, the potential of PRS goes beyond just disease risk prediction. They could also be used to predict other health-related traits such as height, body mass index (BMI), or even complex traits like educational attainment or personality traits.

Conclusion

Despite the promising potential of PRS, there are still limitations and challenges that need to be addressed. These include the issue of bias towards populations of European ancestry in GWAS studies and the ethical implications of genetic risk prediction. Nevertheless, as we continue to refine this technology and address these challenges, PRS hold the promise of revolutionizing personalized healthcare by providing an individualized genetic risk profile. They offer an exciting frontier in our ongoing exploration of the human genome and its impact on health and disease.

]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=20 科学原理 The Science of Polygenic Scoring 2023-07-27 19:20:00 +0800 - PRS是基于大规模的全基因组关联研究（genome-wide association study，GWAS），通过统计学方法将多个与目标疾病或表型相关的遗传变异（如单核苷酸多态性，SNP）的效应进行加权求和，得到一个数值，反映个体的遗传风险水平。
- PRS的计算方法有多种，主要包括阈值法（threshold method）、剪枝法（pruning method）、贝叶斯法（Bayesian method）等，不同的方法对PRS的准确性和解释性有不同的影响。
- PRS在临床和公共卫生领域有广泛的应用前景，可以用于筛查高风险人群、指导预防和干预措施、优化治疗方案等。目前，PRS已经在一些常见疾病，如心血管疾病、癌症、精神疾病等方面取得了一定的进展。
- PRS的发展还面临一些挑战和局限性，如样本偏倚、遗传异质性、环境因素的影响、伦理法律问题等，需要进一步的研究和探讨。

]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=article&f=view&t=xml&articleID=19 科学原理 The Science of Polygenic Scoring 2023-07-27 19:15:00 +0800 Our YouTube channel has been online

我们的YouTube频道已上线 欢迎订阅

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3HdUPsupU-TSgSfodhwVrQ




]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=18 More Videos 2022-03-22 08:56:00 +0800



Terms of Use

Last Updated: December 30, 2021, effective January 1, 2022

Welcome to CHONPS Health Tech™, a non-medical personal genetic information, screening and analysis service provided by CHONPS Health Tech, Inc. (“ Company” or “ CHONPS HEALTH TECH" or “ we” or “ our” or “ us”), which is accessible to eligible users through CHONPS HEALTH TECH’ websites at https://chonps.lanechen.xyz, , https://www.gene2h.com  and https://g2h.Gene2h.com  and/or through such other websites and/or mobile applications that CHONPS HEALTH TECH may develop in the future. The CHONPS Health Tech™ service and associated websites and mobile applications, whether existing now or in the future, including all content, data, information, reports, software, tools, links and resources provided by CHONPS HEALTH TECH on or through the CHONPS Health Tech™ service and associated websites and mobile applications, are referred to hereinafter collectively as the “ Service”.

These Terms of Use govern the use of the Service by eligible members of the public (“ you”), and you agree to be bound by these Terms of Use when using the Service. If you do not agree with anything stated in these Terms of Use, please do not use the Service.

1. NOTICE OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER. 

THESE TERMS OF USE CONTAIN AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT (SECTION 12) THAT REQUIRES YOU TO (i) RESOLVE ANY DISPUTE WITH CHONPS HEALTH TECH THROUGH BINDING ARBITRATION AND (ii) WAIVE THE RIGHT TO BRING OR PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS ACTION IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH DISPUTE.

2. IMPORTANT DISCLAIMERS. 

YOU EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE AS FOLLOWS:

• CHONPS HEALTH TECH DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE, MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, OR RECOMMENDATION FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT, AND DOES NOT PROVIDE GENETIC ANALYSIS OR REPORTS REGARDING DISEASES OR MEDICAL CONDITIONS OR TENDENCIES FOR DISEASES OR MEDICAL CONDITIONS.
• THE SERVICE IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE OR SUBSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE, DIAGNOSIS, OR TREATMENT.  If you need advice regarding diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease, health or medical condition, you should consult with your doctor or other qualified health care professionals.
• YOU SHOULD NEVER USE THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION OBTAINED THROUGH THE SERVICE FOR SELF-DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, OR PREVENTION OF ANY DISEASE OR HEALTH OR MEDICAL CONDITION.  IF YOU DO, YOU DO SO SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.
• THE SERVICE AND ALL INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND “AS AVAILABLE” WITH ALL FAULTS AND WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.
• THE SERVICE AND GENETIC INFORMATION PROVIDED BY CHONPS HEALTH TECH ARE FOR RESEARCH, INFORMATIONAL, AND EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY, AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR USE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE OR OTHER CONDITIONS, IN THE CURE, MITIGATION, TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DISEASE, OR FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A HEALTH CONDITION.   The genetic discoveries that we report have not been clinically validated, and the technology we use, while used by the research community, is not appropriate for use in clinical testing.   
• GENETIC INFORMATION IS ONLY PART OF THE RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR ASSESSING ANY GIVEN TRAIT OR LIKELIHOOD NOTED IN GENETIC TESTING.  CHONPS HEALTH TECH believes that (a) genetics is only part of the picture of any individual's state of being, and (b) the state of the understanding of genetic information is rapidly evolving and at any given time we only comprehend part of the picture of the role of genetics.  For these reasons, CHONPS HEALTH TECH cannot and does not guarantee that genetic information provided through the service will be accurate, complete, or conclusive.  Genetic information provided through the service should not be relied upon for any reason without independent verification by qualified independent experts.
• THE SERVICE MAY INCLUDE REFERENCES AND/OR LINKS TO THIRD PARTY PROVIDERS OF GENETIC INFORMATION PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (SUCH AS 23ANDME, ANCESTRY.COM, ETC.) (“ THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES”) AND THE SERVICE MAY ENABLE YOU TO TRANSFER YOUR INFORMATION AND DATA TO AND FROM SUCH THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES. THE SERVICE MAY ALSO PROVIDE YOU THE OPTION TO CREATE ACCOUNTS WITH SUCH THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES, AND IF YOU OPT TO CREATE SUCH ACCOUNTS, THEY WILL BE CREATED DIRECTLY WITH THE THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES.  CHONPS HEALTH TECH DOES NOT OWN OR CONTROL SUCH THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES AND ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR THEIR GENETIC INFORMATION PRODUCTS OR SERVICES, AND DOES NOT ENDORSE AND IS NOT RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY CONTENT, ADVERTISING, PRODUCTS, OR OTHER MATERIALS ON OR AVAILABLE FROM SUCH THIRD PARTY DNA SERVICES.  Your purchase and use of Third Party DNA Services will be governed by the terms and policies of the applicable third party provider, and not by these Terms of Use or CHONPS HEALTH TECH’ other terms or policies.  Your correspondence or business dealings with, or participation in promotions of, Third Party DNA Services, including payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties, or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such Third Party DNA Services. You acknowledge and agree that CHONPS HEALTH TECH shall not be responsible or liable for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings or as the result of the presence of such Third Party DNA Services on the Service.  Any claim or dispute arising from or related to your purchase or use of Third Party DNA Services must be resolved between you and the applicable third party provider.
• ONCE YOU KNOW YOUR GENETIC INFORMATION, THE KNOWLEDGE IS IRREVERSIBLE.   The information you receive may not be positive and may be upsetting to you or to others with whom you choose to share the information.   If you elect to upload your Raw Data or do genetic testing and analysis, you do so at your own risk.
• Under no circumstances will CHONPS HEALTH TECH be responsible or liable for any injury (including emotional distress, mental anguish, bodily injury, and death) or loss arising from or related to your use of the Service or any information obtained through the Service (including any action or inaction by you based on such information), or your use of any Third Party DNA Services (including any genetic information you obtained from Third Party DNA Services), or your failure to consult with qualified independent experts or seek professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment .

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3. Genetic Counseling.

Genetic testing and analysis may not be for everyone. If you are unsure about whether or not to do genetic testing and analysis, consult with your doctor, a genetic counselor, or other qualified health care professional first so that you can make an informed decision. If, after the testing and analysis, you need help with understanding or interpretation of the results, or if you have questions regarding the results, you should also consult with your doctor, a genetic counselor, or other qualified health care professional.

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4. Eligibility. 

To be eligible to use the Service, you must be  at least 18 years of age and have legal capacity to agree to these Terms of Use, and your use of the Service must not violate any applicable law or regulation in the jurisdiction in which you reside.

No one under the age of 18 is permitted to use the Service. However, parents and legal guardians who are otherwise eligible to use the Service may use the Service to obtain genetic information about their children under the age of 18.

5. Privacy. 

CHONPS HEALTH TECH respects and values the privacy of users of the Service. Please read our Privacy Policy for information on our data collection, use, and sharing policies and practices in connection with the Service.

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6. Compliance with Laws. 

Your use of the Service is subject to applicable laws and regulations and compliance with such applicable laws and regulations is entirely your responsibility.

The Service’s software and technology components may be subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations. You shall  not export, re-export, or transfer, directly or indirectly, any of the Service’s software or technology components, or any U.S. technical data acquired therefrom, or any products utilizing such data, in violation of the U.S. export control laws or regulations.

7. Reservation of Rights. 

We reserve the right to modify and discontinue all or any part of the Service at any time in our sole discretion, with or without notice to you. We will not be liable to you or to any other user, if for any reason all or any part of the Service becomes unavailable at any time or for any period. We also reserve the right to suspend or terminate your account and your access to the Service, if we determine, in our sole judgment, that you are in violation of these Terms of Use or any applicable law or regulation, or that your use of the Service may expose CHONPS HEALTH TECH to liability of any kind, or may adversely affect the reputation or goodwill of CHONPS HEALTH TECH or the CHONPS Health Tech™ brand.

8. Use of the Service. 

A main feature of the Service is genetic traits analysis, which allow you to learn and discover personal (non-medical) genetic traits (“ Traits”) about yourself and/or others (if you have legal authority to obtain such information about them, or if they have given you authorization to obtain such information about them) in multiple categories including food/nutrition, sports/exercise, personality, physical characteristics, and intelligence (the “ Traits Analysis”).

In order to identify a person’s relevant Traits, CHONPS HEALTH TECH needs to first collect information about that person’s genotypes that is obtained through genetic testing (“ Raw Data”). CHONPS HEALTH TECH collects Raw Data in one of two ways:

1. You can upload to the Service Raw Data obtained from a reputable third-party genetic testing source (23andMe, Ancestry.com, etc.) (“ Third Party Source”), which CHONPS HEALTH TECH can then analyze for the purpose of identifying relevant Traits; or
2. You can provide us your login information (e.g., username and password) for a Third Party Source, which CHONPS HEALTH TECH can then use to access your Raw Data.  If you choose to provide us your Raw Data through this method, you hereby authorize us to use your login information for the Third Party Source for the purpose of accessing your Raw Data.

The results of the Traits Analysis (i.e., individualized Traits information and reports) are viewable only through the Service (by logging into a password-protected account).

8.1 Account Registration. 

In order for CHONPS HEALTH TECH to collect Raw Data for the purpose of conducting the Traits Analysis, you must first register an account on the Service, and registration is free. By registering an account on the Service, you warrant that you are eligible to use the Service pursuant to Section 4 of these Terms of Use and that all account information you provide to us is your own information (or your child’s information) and is truthful and accurate. You understand and agree that we may immediately suspend or terminate your account if we have any reason to believe that you have misrepresented or provided false account information to us. It is your responsibility to keep your account information accurate and current. As the account holder, you are responsible for safeguarding your account login information (username and password), and you should notify us immediately in the event your account login is lost, stolen, or used by another without your permission. You are responsible for all activities on your account, including activities by anyone whom you allow to access your account.

8.2 Informed Consent. 

In order for CHONPS HEALTH TECH to collect Raw Data for the purpose of conducting the Traits Analysis, you must also submit a properly completed and signed consent form (available at https://www.gene2h.com/informed-consent) (the “ Informed Consent”) to CHONPS HEALTH TECH. In addition, CHONPS HEALTH TECH may ask you to fill out a personal health and family history questionnaire (the “ Questionnaire”), but this is optional and is not required.

8.3 Raw Data. 

By uploading your Raw Data from a Third Party Source to the Service, or by providing us your login information for a Third Party Source to enable us to access your Raw Data, you expressly give permission to CHONPS HEALTH TECH to perform genetic testing and Traits Analysis on your DNA and you specifically request CHONPS HEALTH TECH to disclose the testing and analysis results to you and to others you specifically authorize.

If you let CHONPS HEALTH TECH collect and analyze Raw Data about another person by uploading another person’s Raw Data to the Service), or providing us another person’s login information for a Third Party Source to enable us to access such person’s Raw Data,  you warrant that: (i) you either have legal authority to do so (e.g., if you are a parent or legal guardian and are allowing CHONPS HEALTH TECH to collect and analyze Raw Data about your child under the age of 18), or have obtained express authorization from such person to allow CHONPS HEALTH TECH to collect and analyze Raw Data about him/her; and (ii) you are not an insurance company or an employer attempting to obtain information about an insured person or an employee. Also, if you let CHONPS HEALTH TECH collect and analyze Raw Data about another person, you are deemed to be submitting the Informed Consent (and the Questionnaire, which is optional) for and on behalf of such person.

If you upload Raw Data to the Service from outside Hong Kong, or provide us your login information for a Third Party Source to enable us to access your Raw Data, you warrant that doing so does not violate any law or regulation in the country or jurisdiction in which you reside, and you expressly authorize and consent to CHONPS HEALTH TECH processing, testing, analyzing, using and storing such sample or Raw Data (as the case may be) and all resulting genetic and Traits information, in Hong Kong.

8.4 Subscription. 

Access to certain premium features of the Service will require a monthly or annual subscription or à la carte purchase. For example, a monthly subscription is required if you wish to unlock all Traits available from CHONPS HEALTH TECH, plus any new Traits that CHONPS HEALTH TECH may introduce from time to time.

By making a subscription or à la carte purchase from CHONPS HEALTH TECH, you warrant that you are the account holder (or an authorized user) of the payment card that you use to pay for your purchase, and that there are sufficient available funds on the card to cover your purchase. We may immediately suspend or terminate your account if we have any reason to believe that you have misrepresented or provided false payment information to us.

Prices and other terms for subscription and à la carte purchases may change at any time. The price and terms in place when you made your initial purchase or when your subscription last renewed will stay in effect for the then-current period of your subscription, but new prices and terms may apply to renewals or new subscription purchases. CHONPS HEALTH TECH will give you advance notice before new prices or terms go into effect. If you do not want to renew your subscription under the new price or terms, you may cancel your subscription as described below.

NO REFUND; AUTOMATIC RENEWAL; CANCELLATION: Unless expressly otherwise specified by CHONPS HEALTH TECH, all subscription and à la carte purchases made on the Service are  FINAL AND NON-REFUNDABLE. A monthly subscription is subject to automatic billing and renewal, unless you cancel the subscription  no later than two (2) business days before the next scheduled billing/renewal date. To cancel, please log into your account on the Service and then go to the tab “ PLANS” and follow the instructions. Timely cancellation will stop automatic billing/renewal and will take effect immediately (usually on the same day).  This means that, on the day of your cancellation, your account on the Service will be deactivated, and you will no longer have access to any area of the Service that requires an active account. To illustrate, if you purchase a monthly subscription on May 25, 2019, your subscription will automatically renew on June 25, 2019, unless you cancel no later than June 20, 2019 (which is two business days before June 25). Suppose that you cancel your subscription on June 15, 2019. In such case, cancellation will take effect on June 15, 2019, and your account will be deactivated on that day, upon which you will lose access to any area of the Service that requires an active account. On the other hand, if you don’t cancel by June 20, 2019, then your subscription will automatically renew (and your payment card will automatically be charged) on June 25, 2019 for another 30 days.

You must review and agree to our Auto-Renewal Terms prior to signing up for any subscription service. 

9. Ownership; Grant of Licenses.

9.1 Our Ownership of the Service. 

You expressly acknowledge and agree that,  other than User Data (as defined in Section 9.3 below), CHONPS HEALTH TECH and its affiliates, licensors and partners and their respective successors and assigns (collectively, “ CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties”) retain sole and exclusive ownership of all worldwide right, title and interest, including all copyrights, patent rights, trade secret rights, and other intellectual property and proprietary rights, in and to the Service, including all content, data, information, reports, software, tools, links and resources comprised in the Service or provided through the Service, as well as all technologies used by CHONPS HEALTH TECH to provide and operate the Service. Other than a limited license to use as provided in Section 9.2 below, you have and acquire no other right or license with respect to the Service or any portion or component thereof. Unless expressly authorized by applicable law or in writing by CHONPS HEALTH TECH, you may not copy, reproduce, publicly perform or display, transmit, modify or otherwise create derivative works from, sell, distribute, or otherwise make unauthorized use of the Service or any portion or component thereof. Any unauthorized use of the Service or any portion or component thereof is strictly prohibited and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties reserve all rights not expressly granted herein. There are no implied rights or licenses granted to you under these Terms of Use.

The CHONPS Health Tech™ name and logo and all other marks, logos, and other business identifiers of CHONPS HEALTH TECH are registered or unregistered trademarks of CHONPS HEALTH TECH (collectively, “ Company Trademarks”). Any unauthorized use of our Company Trademarks is strictly prohibited and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties.

Third-party marks and logos appearing on the Service are the property of their respective owners.

9.2 Our License to You; Conditions of Use. 

Subject to your compliance with these Terms of Use and all applicable laws and regulations, CHONPS HEALTH TECH grants you a revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, limited personal license to access the Service  for your lawful personal and noncommercial uses only.

For any individualized Traits information or reports (in any format or medium) you lawfully obtain from the Service, the foregoing license allows you to keep such information or reports for lawful personal and noncommercial uses only, and  NOT for publication, distribution, sale or transfer to others (except that you may share such information or reports with family members, friends, and health care professionals, as long as it is for lawful personal and noncommercial uses only). Unless expressly authorized by applicable law or in writing by CHONPS HEALTH TECH, you may not copy, reproduce, publicly perform or display, transmit, modify or otherwise create derivative works from, sell, distribute, or otherwise make unauthorized use of any individualized Traits information or reports obtained from the Service.

As a condition to your use of the Service, you expressly agree  not to:

• use the Service in violation of these Terms of Use or any applicable law or regulation;
• use the Service for any unauthorized, fraudulent, or malicious purpose;
• use the Service in violation of any privacy, property, or other right of another person, including, without limitation: impersonating another person on the Service, or when you have no legal authority or valid authorization to do so, (i) registering an account on the Service in the name of another person, (ii) uploading another person’s Raw Data to the Service, or (iii) providing us another person’s login information for a Third Party Source to enable us to access such person’s Raw Data;
• use the Service for any business or commercial purpose;
• use the Service in any manner that, in our sole judgment, could damage, disable, overburden, impair or interfere with others’ use of the Service;
• reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to derive any source code or algorithm associated with the Service;
• use any robot, spider, or other automatic device, program, process, or means to access the Service, including for monitoring or copying any content or information from the Service;
• access or attempt to access any Service system, server, hardware, software, account, content, report, data, or information that you are not authorized to access; and
• upload, post, or otherwise transmit any material that contains software viruses or any other computer code, files, or programs designed to interrupt, destroy, or limit the functionality of any computer software or hardware or telecommunications equipment;
• engage in framing, mirroring, or otherwise simulating the appearance or function of the Service;
• use the Service from a foreign country that is subject to a U.S. Government embargo, or that has been designated by the U.S. Government as a “terrorist-supporting” country.  

You further expressly acknowledge and agree that your use of any software comprised in the Service, including any downloadable software application you install on a computer or mobile device, is subject to the following additional conditions:

• Any such software is licensed, and  not sold or transferred, to you.
• You may not redistribute, sell, offer to sell, lend, rent, lease, transfer, or otherwise furnish any such software to a third party.
• You may not modify, translate, or otherwise make derivative works from, or reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to derive the source code of, any such software.
• You may not bypass, disable, deactivate, or render ineffective (or attempt to do so) any security mechanism or firewall associated with any such software.
• You may not download, install, use, export, or re-export any such software or any underlying information or technology except in full compliance with U.S. export control laws and regulations.
• From time to time we may make software updates to the Service, and you understand that it may be necessary for you to download and install such updates in order for the Service to work properly on your computer or mobile device.

9.3 User Data. 

Subject to the license granted by you to CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties as provided below, you retain ownership of all “ User Data,” which means and includes the following:

• “ Account Information,” which refers to personal information (including, without limitation, name, email address, mailing address, phone number, date of birth, and payment card information) you provide to us when registering an account on the Service or making a purchase from us;
• “ Self-Reported Information,” which refers to personal health and family history information you provide to us voluntarily (such as by completing the optional Questionnaire described in Section 8.2 above); and
• “ Genetic Information,” which refers to all Raw Data you let CHONPS HEALTH TECH collect for conducting the Traits Analysis and all personal Traits information provided to you by CHONPS HEALTH TECH resulting from the Traits Analysis;  provided, however, that you expressly acknowledge and agree that CHONPS HEALTH TECH owns and retains copyrights and other intellectual property rights in and to all protectable elements contained in the results of the Traits Analysis, including text, graphics, images, tables, charts, diagrams, notes, commentaries, and other original content contained therein, as well as the original selection, arrangement, and organization of the individualized Traits information.

With respect to User Data, you expressly acknowledge and agree as follows:

• Your  Account Information will be used and shared as disclosed in our Privacy Policy.
• By accessing the Traits Analysis feature of the Service, you expressly grant to CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid up, sublicensable and transferable license to collect, store, process, test, analyze, compare, index, use, reproduce, and otherwise exploit your  Self-Reported Information and  Genetic Information (whether such information pertains to you or another person) for any and all lawful purposes including, without limitation: (i) operating and providing the Service; (ii) making improvements and modifications to the Service; (iii) developing new genetic information products and services; (iv) conducting research in the fields of genomics and genetics; and (v) combining your and other users’  Self-Reported Information and  Genetic Information to compile and generate  aggregated and anonymized  data about users of the Service (no individual user will be identified or reasonably identifiable in such data) (“ Aggregated and Anonymized Data”), and publishing, distributing, selling, licensing, and otherwise exploiting such data.
• We will delete your User Data: (i) as provided in our Privacy Policy; (ii) upon receipt of a written request from you (however, we reserve the right to verify your identity before acting on your request); (iii) upon deactivation of your account; (iv) if required to do so pursuant to applicable law or a valid court or government order; or (v) when we determine (in our sole discretion) that it is advisable to do so.
• All Aggregated and Anonymized Data will belong to CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties and may be used, exploited, and retained  indefinitely by CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties.
• Unless otherwise provided in a separate written agreement entered into by you and CHONPS HEALTH TECH, you will not receive any compensation, credit, or attribution, and you expressly waive any and all rights and claims to compensation, credit, and attribution, with respect to any research conducted, any new product or service developed, or any improvement to the Service made by CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties utilizing your Self-Reported Information and Genetic Information.

9.4 User Feedback. 

If you submit to CHONPS HEALTH TECH any ideas, stories, comments, reviews, testimonials, suggestions, or other feedback (whether solicited or unsolicited) regarding the Service (collectively, “ Feedback”), you expressly acknowledge and agree that: (i) CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties will be free to copy, use, publish, adapt, and otherwise exploit your Feedback in perpetuity and throughout the world for any and all business purposes, including, without limitation, for publicity, advertising and promotion, product and service improvement, and development of new products and services; (ii) your Feedback submission is voluntary and consensual and is made without any condition or reservation of rights, including, without limitation, any condition of compensation, payment, credit, attribution, secrecy, or confidentiality; (iii) your Feedback submission does not give rise to any contractual, fiduciary, or confidential relationship of any kind (whether express or implied) between you and CHONPS HEALTH TECH; and (iv) your Feedback may be used and retained indefinitely by CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties.

10. Disclaimer of Warranties; Limitations of Liability. 

You expressly acknowledge and agree as follows:

• THE SERVICE AND ALL INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” WITH ALL FAULTS AND WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, CHONPS HEALTH TECH AND RELATED PARTIES DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THE SERVICE AND ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND WARRANTIES OF TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.  WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, CHONPS HEALTH TECH AND RELATED PARTIES DO NOT WARRANT THAT: (i) THE SERVICE WILL BE RELIABLE OR USEFUL, OR WILL MEET YOUR EXPECTATIONS; (ii) THE SERVICE WILL BE ERROR-FREE, OR ANY DEFECTS OR ERROR IN THE SERVICE WILL BE CORRECTED; (iii) THE SERVICE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR WILL BE AVAILABLE AT ANY PARTICULAR TIME OR LOCATION; OR (iv) THE SERVICE WILL BE SECURE AND FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS.
• TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL CHONPS HEALTH TECH AND RELATED PARTIES BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY OTHER USER (WHETHER UNDER CONTRACT, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, WARRANTY OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY) FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, PERSONAL INJURY, PAIN AND SUFFERING, EMOTIONAL DISTRESS, MENTAL ANGUISH, LOSS OF USE, AND LOSS OF DATA) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO (i) THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE OR (ii) YOUR USE OF (OR INABILITY TO USE) OR YOUR RELIANCE ON THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE, EVEN IF CHONPS HEALTH TECH AND RELATED PARTIES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGES.
• TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL CHONPS HEALTH TECH AND RELATED PARTIES BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO (i) THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE OR (ii) YOUR USE OF (OR INABILITY TO USE) OR YOUR RELIANCE ON THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE, IN A TOTAL AMOUNT THAT EXCEEDS THE SUBSCRIPTION FEES ACTUALLY PAID BY YOU TO CHONPS HEALTH TECH DURING THE THREE (3) MONTHS IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE OCCURRENCE FOR WHICH DAMAGES ARE CLAIMED, OR FIFTY U.S. DOLLARS (US$50.00), WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CERTAIN WARRANTIES, DAMAGES, OR LIABILITIES, SOME OF THE EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS SET FORTH ABOVE MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. NOTHING IN THIS SECTION 10 AFFECTS ANY CONSUMER RIGHT OR REMEDY THAT CANNOT BE EXCLUDED OR LIMITED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW.

11. Indemnification; Hold Harmless. 

You agree to indemnify and hold harmless CHONPS HEALTH TECH and Related Parties and their respective shareholders, investors, members, officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, advisors, and contractors from and against any and all third-party claims, losses, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) arising out of or relating to: (i) your use or misuse of the Service or any third party product or service; (ii) any Raw Data uploaded by you or accessed by us; (iii) your violation of these Term of Use or any applicable law or regulation; (iv) your violation of any intellectual property, privacy, contractual, or other right of any other person or entity; or (v) any agreement or purchase transaction you enter into with a third party product or service provider. CHONPS HEALTH TECH reserves the right, at our own expense, to assume the exclusive defense and settlement of any claim for which you are required to indemnify us and you agree to cooperate with our defense and settlement of such claim.

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12. Arbitration.

12.1 Agreement to Arbitrate. 

This Section 12 is referred to herein as the “ Arbitration Agreement.” The United States Federal Arbitration Act ( 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16) governs the interpretation and enforcement of this Arbitration Agreement.

You and CHONPS HEALTH TECH agree that any and all controversies, claims, and disputes arising out of or related to these Terms of Use or the Service or any information provided through the Service, whether based in contract, tort, warranty, statute, or any other legal or equitable basis, including, without limitation, any dispute or claim relating to the formation, interpretation, or enforceability of any part of these Terms of Use (including the scope and enforceability of this Arbitration Agreement) and any claim that all or any part of these Terms of Use is void or voidable (collectively, “ Claims” and individually, a “ Claim”),  shall be finally resolved by binding arbitration, rather than in court; except that you and we each retain the right: (i) to bring an individual action in small claims court (if the Claim in question qualifies for small claims court); and (ii) to seek injunctive or other equitable relief in court against actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation, or violation of intellectual property rights.

There is no judge or jury in arbitration, and court review of an arbitration award is limited. However, an arbitrator can award on an individual basis the same damages and relief as a court.

12.2  CLASS ACTION WAIVER. 

YOU AND CHONPS HEALTH TECH AGREE THAT EACH PARTY MAY BRING CLAIMS AGAINST THE OTHER ONLY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS AND NOT AS A PLAINTIFF OR CLASS MEMBER IN ANY PURPORTED CLASS OR REPRESENTATIVE ACTION OR PROCEEDING. UNLESS BOTH YOU AND CHONPS HEALTH TECH AGREE OTHERWISE, THE ARBITRATOR MAY NOT CONSOLIDATE OR JOIN MORE THAN ONE PERSON'S OR PARTY'S CLAIMS AND MAY NOT OTHERWISE PRESIDE OVER ANY FORM OF A CONSOLIDATED, REPRESENTATIVE, OR CLASS PROCEEDING. ALSO, THE ARBITRATOR MAY AWARD RELIEF (INCLUDING MONETARY, INJUNCTIVE, AND DECLARATORY RELIEF) ONLY IN FAVOR OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARTY SEEKING RELIEF AND ONLY TO THE EXTENT NECESSARY TO PROVIDE RELIEF NECESSITATED BY THAT PARTY'S INDIVIDUAL CLAIM(S).

12.3 Procedures. 

Arbitration will be conducted by a single and neutral arbitrator in accordance with the American Arbitration Association's (" AAA") Consumer Arbitration Rules and procedures (the " AAA Rules"), as modified by this Arbitration Agreement. If there is any inconsistency between the AAA Rules and this Arbitration Agreement, the terms of this Arbitration Agreement will control unless the arbitrator determines that the application of the inconsistent Arbitration Agreement terms would not result in a fundamentally fair arbitration. To learn more about arbitration through the AAA, visit http://www.adr.org. The AAA Rules are available at https://www.adr.org/sites/default/files/Consumer_Rules_Web_0.pdf or by calling the AAA at 1-800-778-7879.

Prior to initiating arbitration, you and we agree to first make reasonable efforts to try to resolve a Claim amicably through good-faith negotiations. If a Claim cannot be resolved amicably within 60 days after a party gives written notice (email sufficient) of the Claim to the other, then either party may initiate arbitration in accordance with this Arbitration Agreement.

To initiate arbitration, a party must provide the other party with a written Demand for Arbitration as specified in the AAA Rules (form available at https://www.adr.org/sites/default/files/document_repository/Consumer_Demand_for_Arbitration_Form_1.pdf). If you initiate arbitration, please send your written Demand for Arbitration to:

CHONPS Health Tech, Inc.
Attn.: Legal / Arbitration
2150 Shattuck Avenue
Berkeley, CA, 94704
Email: support@gene2h.com

If we initiate arbitration, we will send our written Demand for Arbitration to you at the email or mailing address you have provided to us.

In arbitration, the arbitrator will: (i) follow these Terms of Use and apply internal laws of Hong Kong, consistent with the United States Federal Arbitration Act and applicable statutes of limitations (or, to the extent (if any) that federal law prevails, will apply the applicable federal laws of the United States, irrespective of any conflict of law principles); (ii) entertain any motion to dismiss, motion to strike, motion for judgment on the pleadings, motion for complete or partial summary judgment, motion for summary adjudication, or any other dispositive motion consistent with California or federal rules of procedure, as applicable; (iii) honor claims of privilege recognized at law; and (iv) have authority to award any form of legal or equitable relief consistent with applicable laws (except that the arbitrator may not award any punitive, incidental, indirect, special, or consequential damages).  The decision of the arbitrator will be final and binding on both parties. Judgment on the arbitration award rendered may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction.

12.4 Venue. 

The arbitration shall be held in the county in which you reside or at another mutually agreed location. If the value of the relief sought is $10,000 or less, you or CHONPS HEALTH TECH may elect to have the arbitration conducted by telephone or based solely on written submissions, which election shall be binding on each party, but subject to the arbitrator's discretion to require an in-person hearing if the circumstances warrant. Attendance at any in-person hearing may be made by telephone by either or both parties unless the arbitrator requires otherwise.

12.5 Confidentiality. 

You and CHONPS HEALTH TECH agree that the entire arbitration proceeding will be conducted in a confidential manner and that the arbitrator’s decision and award will be kept confidential by both parties and, except as may be required by applicable law or a valid court order, will not be disclosed to any third party without the express prior written consent of both parties.

12.6 Costs of Arbitration. 

Payment of all filing, administration, and arbitrator fees (collectively, the " Arbitration Fees") will be governed by the AAA Rules. Each party will be responsible for all other fees it incurs in connection with the arbitration, including without limitation, all attorney fees.

12.7 Severability. 

If a court decides that any term or provision of this Arbitration Agreement other than Section 12.2 is invalid or unenforceable, the parties agree to replace such term or provision with a term or provision that is valid and enforceable and that comes closest to expressing the intention of the invalid or unenforceable term or provision, and this Arbitration Agreement shall be enforceable as so modified.

If a court decides that any of the provisions of Section 12.2 is invalid or unenforceable, then the entirety of this Arbitration Agreement shall be null and void. The remainder of these Terms of Use will continue to apply.

13. Governing Law; Jurisdiction. 

These Terms of Use shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Hong Kong (without regard to the conflict of laws provisions thereof),  except that the Hong Kong shall govern the interpretation and enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement contained in Section 12 above. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods shall not apply to these Terms of Use.

With respect to any Claim (as defined in Section 12.1 above) that is not subject to arbitration under Section 12 above, or in the event the arbitration agreement set forth in Section 12 above is found to be void or unenforceable: (i) you and we each agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in Hong Kong to resolve any non-arbitrable Claim; and (ii) you agree to waive all defenses of lack of personal jurisdiction, venue and/or forum non conveniens with respect to venue and jurisdiction in the aforementioned courts.

14. Limitation on Time to File Claims. 

YOU AGREE THAT ANY CAUSE OF ACTION OR CLAIM YOU MAY HAVE AGAINST CHONPS HEALTH TECH ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THESE TERMS OF USE OR THE SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE, MUST BE BROUGHT  WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION OR CLAIM ACCRUES, OR BE PERMANENTLY BARRED.

15. Changes. 

From time to time, we may modify these Terms of Use to accommodate new technology, industry practices, regulatory requirements, or for other purposes. If we make a material change to the TOS, we will provide you with notice thirty (30) days prior to the effective date of the change by posting a notice on our website or sending a message to the email address associated with your account. Unless you notify us within thirty (30) days from the time you receive notice of the new terms that you do not agree to the terms, you will be deemed to have agreed to the new TOS. If any change to the TOS is unacceptable to you, you may stop using our Services and delete your account at any time. You acknowledge and agree that if you use the Services after the date on which the TOS have changed, 23andMe will treat your use as acceptance of the updated TOS.

16. Electronic Communications. 

When you communicate with the Company through the Service or send us email, you are communicating with us electronically. You hereby: (a) consent to receive communications from Company in an electronic form; and (b) agree that all terms and conditions, agreements, notices, disclosures, and other communications that we provide to you electronically satisfy any legal requirement that such communications be in writing. The foregoing does not affect any rights you may have which cannot be waived under applicable law.

17. Miscellaneous. 

These Terms of Use (together with our Privacy Policy, the Informed Consent submitted by you, and any other legal notices referenced herein) constitute the entire agreement between you and CHONPS HEALTH TECH concerning the Service. If any provision of these Terms of Use is deemed invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the invalidity of such provision shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of these Terms of Use, all of which shall remain in full force and effect. No waiver of any provision of these Terms of Use shall be deemed a further or continuing waiver of such provision or a waiver of any other provision, and our failure to assert any right or provision under these Terms of Use shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. The provisions of Sections 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of these Terms of Use shall survive any termination of these Terms of Use.

18. Contact Information. 

The Service is provided by CHONPS HEALTH TECH, Inc. If you have any questions, complaints, or claims with respect to the Service, you may contact us at support@gene2h.com.

CHONPS HEALTH TECH, Inc. is located at 1F, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.

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Informed Consent for Raw Data Upload and Analysis

Please review this form and, if you agree, provide your consent for genetic testing at the bottom of the form. If you do not agree, please do not submit any samples, Raw Data, or other information or materials to CHONPS Health Tech, Inc. (“CHONPS HEALTH TECH”) or our third-party partners in connection with the CHONPS HEALTH TECH CHONPS Health Tech service.

One of our missions at CHONPS HEALTH TECH is to help our customers understand how their DNA may impact certain personal traits. This Informed Consent for Raw Data Upload (“Informed Consent”) explains:

• What CHONPS Health Tech is and how it works
• What results you will get and who can see them
• The potential benefits, potential risks and limitations of using CHONPS Health Tech
• How to withdraw your consent
• Who to contact if you have questions

Please review this Informed Consent carefully. If you agree to allow CHONPS HEALTH TECH to access and use your data to perform the CHONPS Health Tech service as described herein click the “I consent” prompt at the end of this document. You must be 18 years or older to use CHONPS Health Tech.

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Key Terms

• CHONPS HEALTH TECH: This is us, CHONPS HEALTH TECH, Inc. We will refer to CHONPS HEALTH TECH as “we”, “us” and “our” throughout this Informed Consent.
• CHONPS Health Tech: Our non-medical, personal genetic information analysis service.
• Personal Information: Information that can be used to identify you, either alone or in combination with other information.
• Raw Data: Information about your genotypes that is generated through the processing of your saliva or blood by Third Party DNA Services. Your Raw Data contains the “letters” (nucleotides A, C, G, T) that comprise DNA.
• Self-Reported Information: Information you provide about yourself that is not part of your DNA or derived from your Raw Data. Self-Reported Information may include details about your health, family tree, behaviors, and lifestyle.
• Third Party DNA Services: Companies and organizations not related to or operated by us that you may use to obtain DNA testing and results.
• Traits: The characteristics or attributes that may be influenced by your DNA. Your Traits may include your preferences, characteristics, psychological trends, preferences, predispositions, behavior, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, and aptitudes. The traits we analyze as part of the service are personal - not medical - in nature.

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What is CHONPS Health Tech?

Every individual is made up of trillions of cells. Cells can be thought of as small, microscopic packets containing our DNA. DNA is necessary for the normal health and maintenance of our body. It is particularly important because it allows one’s genetic information, which influences health and physical characteristics, to be passed down from one generation to the next.

Genes are segments of coding and non-coding DNA that provide instructions for the formation of proteins and other important biological compounds. Changes found in an individual’s genes or DNA (as compared to a normal, healthy individual) can cause disease or increase one’s risk for disease. Conversely, gene changes may also be protective against certain illnesses and diseases.

We created CHONPS Health Tech to give you insights about your DNA. We want to empower you by giving you information about how your DNA shapes your nutrition, fitness, personality and intelligence Traits.

CHONPS Health Tech provides Trait analysis for healthy individuals. CHONPS Health Tech is not a diagnostic test and should not be used to diagnose any disease in yourself or others, is not appropriate for use the cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, and is not intended for the assessment of a health condition. If you have concerns about a disease or medical condition, you should discuss your concerns with your healthcare provider.

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How does CHONPS Health Tech work?

To use CHONPS Health Tech, you must first create a CHONPS Health Tech account and then upload your Raw Data. The Raw Data you upload should come from one of the following Third Party DNA Services: 23andMe, My Heritage, or Ancestry.com. We may expand the list of Third Party DNA Services in the future. Before uploading your Raw Data, or the Raw Data about another person, and by signing this Informed Consent, you confirm that you have the rights and permissions necessary to share that Raw Data with us for use and disclosure as described in this Informed Consent.

Once we receive your Raw Data, we and our scientists analyze it to identify variants in the sequencing that may indicate the presence of, or risk for, a variety of non-medical Traits, such as your cognitive ability, height, waist size, and muscular strength. Variations can occur in the coding and/or non-coding portions of your DNA. We look at both the coding and non-coding portions to better predict your Traits.

In addition to uploading your Raw Data, you may also choose to provide us with certain other Self-Reported Information that will [help us improve your Trait analysis and reports]. First, you may complete a questionnaire that will ask you questions about your health, family tree, behaviors, and lifestyle. In addition, you may provide us with certain electronic health record data and [ describe other health data that CHONPS HEALTH TECH seeks to collect].  Completing a questionnaire and providing this other Self-Reported information is completely voluntary.

The information we gather from your Raw Data and your Self-Reported Information helps us to create individualized Trait information and reports that you can view and download through your CHONPS Health Tech account.

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What kind of Traits can I learn about?

The Trait analysis reports that we create for and about you will provide interpretation of your genes. Through our research and insights, we can give you different information about your Traits, including your preferences, characteristics, psychological trends, preferences, predispositions, behavior, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, and aptitudes. The number and types of reports you get will depend on whether you are a free or a paid user.

The Traits we are able to analyze may change as we grow and enhance our research. The research and science behind CHONPS Health Tech is based on the current state of knowledge about the field of genomics. Over time, we may learn more about DNA and how it affects various Traits. As this knowledge improves, we may (at our sole discretion) choose to update our research, reports, and the CHONPS Health Tech service we provide you. As a result, your Trait analysis may change over time.

CHONPS Health Tech does not currently analyze or report on medical diseases or medical-related traits. Therefore, genomic variants that might predict disease or carrier status (such as whether you are a carrier for Tay-Sachs disease or cystic fibrosis) will not be analyzed by us or identified in the CHONPS Health Tech report.

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Who will be able to access my results?

You, and any individual who you give access to your CHONPS Health Tech account, will be able to access your Trait analysis and reports.

Our team may also be able to access your results to create reports, improve your results, answer your questions, and provide you with additional assistance that you may need from time to time. We limit access to your results to our team members who have a legitimate reason to access them for the purposes listed above. Please read our Privacy Policy, which contains information about how we use and disclose the Personal Information we collect about you while using CHONPS Health Tech.

In addition, in the limited circumstances described in our Privacy Policy, other third parties (such as our service providers, research partners, and law enforcement/governmental entities) may be able to access your results. We do not share your results or your identifiable data with any other third parties or in any other circumstances except with your consent.

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Will CHONPS HEALTH TECH use my data for purposes other than providing me with Trait analysis?

We may use your data for purposes other than providing you with your Trait analysis. Such purposes are described in our Privacy Statement, and include the following:

• To provide you with, personalize, improve and develop the CHONPS Health Tech service
• To share with you information about our products and services
• To contact you about research studies for which you may be eligible. You are under no obligation to participate in any research studies that we contact you about. If you choose to participate in one of our research studies, we will also use and disclose your data for research purposes as described in the applicable separate informed consent form that you must sign.
• To provide customer support to you
• To troubleshoot and protect the CHONPS Health Tech service
• To enforce our rights and for other legal purposes

In addition, we may aggregate your data with other our other customers’ data for our own and our partners’ research, product development and improvement, and marketing purposes. Aggregated data cannot be used to identify you. For example, aggregated data may include a statement that “30% of our female users share a particular genetic trait,” without providing any data or Trait analysis specific to any individual user.

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What are the benefits of using CHONPS Health Tech?

We want you to benefit from using CHONPS Health Tech and we hope you enjoy learning about your genetics. We aim to empower you with knowledge about your DNA and Traits so that you can make choices to improve your health, wellness, and interests.

We also hope you use CHONPS Health Tech to better understand how genetics works, including what your Raw Data looks like. We have a number of features, including our Raw Data view, to help you visually understand how your DNA data is analyzed based on growing genetics research.

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What are the risks of using CHONPS Health Tech?

There are some risks to using the CHONPS Health Tech Service.

There is a chance that you could learn something about yourself that you did not want to know. For example, you may learn that you are predisposed to sadness, anger, or loneliness, or that you are likely to experience skin pigmentation or baldness. Since you share DNA with your blood relatives, what you learn about yourself could also affect them. You may want to discuss your options with a doctor, mental health professional or genetic counselor before or after you get your results.

There is a risk that your genetic information could be used as a basis of discrimination. To address concerns regarding possible health insurance and employment discrimination, many countries (including the United States) have enacted laws to prohibit genetic discrimination in those circumstances. The laws may not protect against genetic discrimination in other circumstances such as when applying for life insurance, disability insurance, or long-term care insurance. You should talk to your physician or genetic counselor if you have concerns about genetic discrimination.

We may need to share details about you with regulators and law enforcement. These details may include your Raw Data, Trait analysis, or other Personal Information. We will only share these details if we believe that the law or legal process requires us to do so. Please see our Privacy Policy for more details.

Finally, there is a risk that we experience a security incident and, as a result, someone accesses your data and results without authorization. This information could allow someone to connect your Raw Data and other Personal Information back to you. We take steps to reduce the risk of security incidents. Please see our Privacy Statement for more details.

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What are the limitations?

CHONPS Health Tech has some limitations. Some of these limitations are unique to CHONPS Health Tech, while other limitations are related to Trait analysis in general. Many of these limitations are discussed in our Terms of Use.

Your Raw Data and Trait analysis cannot tell you everything about you -- your DNA is only a part of who you are. The analysis we do on your Raw Data, including any reports we create for you, is not deterministic. In other words, the analysis and results describe your probability of having a given Trait, and can only rarely predict when you have that Trait for certain. In some cases, the choices you make about how you live your life will influence your Traits more than your DNA.

It is possible that the Raw Data you upload to CHONPS Health Tech contains errors. In some cases, errors can occur when a Third Party DNA Service sequences your DNA or reads the stored genetic information. Because we do not, at this time, collect and test your DNA samples ourselves, we are unable to identify the errors that might occur in the processing of your DNA sample.

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How do I withdraw my consent?

You can withdraw your consent at any time by stopping your use of CHONPS Health Tech. You can also choose to close your CHONPS Health Tech account. More details about closing your account and withdrawing your consent can be found in our Privacy Statement and Terms of Use. If you close your CHONPS Health Tech account, you will not be able to access your information on CHONPS Health Tech moving forward. When you close your account, we will archive your information. We will keep it archived for as long as we need to meet our legal and regulatory requirements.

If you withdraw your consent, we discontinue the use of your data going forward. Withdrawing your consent does not affect or nullify how we used your data in the past.

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Additional important information

We are not medical or healthcare professionals. We do not provide medical advice, medical diagnosis, or recommendations for medical treatment. We also do not provide genetic analysis or reports regarding diseases or medical conditions. If you need advice regarding diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease, health, or medical condition, you should consult your doctor or another qualified healthcare professional.

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Questions about CHONPS Health Tech

If you have questions about CHONPS Health Tech or what you are consenting to in this Informed Consent, you can contact us at support@gene2h.com.

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Acknowledgment and Consent

I acknowledge the following:

• I have been offered the opportunity to ask questions about CHONPS Health Tech, including about the benefits, risks and limitations of using CHONPS Health Tech.
• I have read and understood this document in its entirety and realize I may retain a copy for my records.
• I have read and understood CHONPS HEALTH TECH’s Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.
• I confirm that I have the required and appropriate permission to upload my Raw Data (or the Raw Data of someone else) to CHONPS Health Tech.
• I consent to CHONPS HEALTH TECH analyzing my Raw Data and providing an analysis of my Traits based on CHONPS HEALTH TECH current knowledge and research.
• I consent to CHONPS HEALTH TECH’ ongoing analysis and use of my Raw Data as described herein.
• I consent to being contacted by or on behalf of CHONPS HEALTH TECH about research studies for which I may be eligible. I understand I am under no obligation to participate in any research studies about which I am contacted.
• I will discuss the results with my healthcare provider/genetic counselor if I have any medical or health-related questions or concerns.
]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=15 15 2022-01-17 02:21:00 +0800 Privacy Policy 

Last Updated: January 17, 2022, effective January 18, 2022

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This Privacy Policy describes how we process the information we collect about you when you use the Services. We define “Services” below, but it generally means the products and services that we offer to you.

Please carefully review this Privacy Policy and let us know if you have any questions or concerns. We encourage you to contact us, at any time, using the contact information in Section 16 below.

Depending on how you use the Services, we may ask you to sign an Informed Consent form that describes certain aspects of the Services and asks for your consent to process your information as part of those Services. To the extent that there is a conflict between this Privacy Policy and an Informed Consent form that you have signed, the Informed Consent form will control.

1. . Key definitions

“Aggregate Information” is information about multiple individuals that we have combined so that no specific individual may be identified. Aggregate Information is not Personal Information because it cannot be used to identify you. For example, Aggregate Information may include a statement that “30% of our female users share a particular genetic trait,” without providing any data or testing results specific to any individual user.

“ CHONPS HEALTH TECH” means CHONPS Health Tech, Inc. We will refer to CHONPS HEALTH TECH as “we”, “us” and “our” throughout this Privacy Policy.

“ Cookie” is a text file that is placed on your hard disk by a web server. Cookies are uniquely assigned to you, and can only be read by a web server in the domain that issued the cookie to you. Cookies cannot be used to run programs or deliver viruses to your computer. To learn more about Cookies, visit www.allaboutcookies.org.

“ Data Collection Technologies” refer to Cookies, pixel tags, web beacons, and other technologies that we or third parties use on our websites and other digital services to collect information about your use of these services.

“De-Identified Data” is data that cannot be used to infer information about, or be linked to, an individual.

“ Designated European Countries” means countries the European Economic Area, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland.

“ DNA” stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the molecule that contains your genetic information. Your DNA is what makes you uniquely you.

“Genetic Information” is any data concerning genetic material obtained from the analysis of your biological sample by us or by Third Party DNA services. Genetic Information includes, but is not limited to, DNA, Raw Data and Traits.

“ Personal Information” is information that identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with you or your household.

“ Raw Data” means information about your genotypes that is generated by Third Party DNA Services. Your Raw Data contains the “letters” (nucleotides A, C, G, T) that comprise DNA.

“ Sensitive Information” is a subcategory of Personal Information that includes your racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade union membership, genetic information, biometric information, and information concerning your health, sex life, or sexual orientation.

“ Service” means the CHONPS Health Tech™ service, associated websites (http://chonps.lanechen.xyz, http://g2h.gene2h.com  and https://gene2h.com ) and mobile applications, and other ancillary or related services we offer from time to time.

“ Third Party DNA Services” means companies and organizations not related to or operated by us that you may use to obtain DNA testing and results.

“ Traits” means the characteristics or attributes that may be influenced by your DNA. Your Traits may include your preferences, characteristics, psychological trends, preferences, predispositions, behavior, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, and aptitudes. The traits we analyze as part of the Service are personal - not medical - in nature.

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2. Information we collect

Depending on how you interact with or use the Service, we may collect the following categories of Personal Information about you:

• Identifiers, such as your name, postal address, email address, phone number, account username and password, image, and date of birth. We collect this information to identify you, provide you access to the Service, and communicate with you.
• Genetic information, including the information contained in your Raw Data and any Trait analysis we have performed on your Raw Data. We collect this information to provide you the Service. See more on the Section 3 “Genetic Information”.
• Demographic information, such as your race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and age. We collect this information to help you build your profile and tailor the services to you.
• Physical and health-related information, such as your height, weight, and medical history. We collect this information to help you build your profile and tailor the services to you.
• Social media information, such as your social media handle and related profile information. We typically only collect your social media information if you connect your social media account to the Service or otherwise interact with the Service using your social media account.
• Device and other internet information, such as your browsing history, search history, and the IP address, geolocation, and identification number of the device that you use to access the Service. We collect this information to enable and personalize your online experience.
• Financial information, such as your payment card information and billing/shipping address. We have engaged a third party payment processor to collect and process your payments on our behalf. We do not process or otherwise maintain your financial information on our systems or servers.

We may collect your Personal Information directly from you, such as when you register for a CHONPS Health Tech account, provide us with certain electronic health record data, complete a family history questionnaire, survey or form, contribute to blogs and forums, or contact us with a question.

We may also collect your Personal Information from third party sources, such as Third Party DNA Services, social media platform providers, or your friends and family who refer our Service to you. The Personal Information we collect from these third parties sources typically depends on the privacy settings or permissions that you have communicated with these third parties or otherwise set on their platforms.

Finally, we may collect certain Personal Information automatically through the use of Data Collection Technologies. Please see Section 6 for more details about our use of Cookies and other Data Collection Technologies.

Non-Personal Information. We may also collect information that cannot be used to identify you. This non-Personal Information may include Aggregate Information about our users browser types, device types, and pages clicked. We collect this non-Personal Information through server logs and Data Collection Technologies. We may associate this information with the Personal Information that we collect about you -- if we do, we will treat the combined information as Personal Information.

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3. Genetic Information

We collect your Genetic Information in the following ways:

• From third party sources, such as Third Party DNA services. This includes, but is not limited to, AncestryDNA, 23andMe, or MyHeritage. We receive your Raw Data that you obtain from these Third Party DNA services by consenting each services’ Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, or Informed Consent. 

With your consent, we use your Genetic Information for the following purposes:

• To provide the Service. We process Personal Information in order to provide our Service, which includes processing payments, creating customer accounts and authenticating logins, analyzing Genetic Information, and delivering results.
• To analyze and improve our Service. We constantly work to improve and provide new reports, tools, and Services. We may also need to fix bugs or issues, analyze the use of our website to improve the customer experience or assess our marketing campaigns.
• For CHONPS Health Tech Research, with your consent. If you choose to consent to participate in CHONPS Health Tech Research, CHONPS Health Tech researchers can include your de-identified Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information in a large pool of customer data for analyses aimed at making scientific discoveries.

You may revoke your consent for the use of your Genetic Information at any time by either deleting your data at https://g2h.gene2h.com/  (after logging in) or contacting us at support@gene2h.com

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We disclose your Genetic Information as follows:

• To you
• With our service providers , as necessary for them to provide their services to us.
• With qualified research collaborators , only if you provide your explicit consent.

CHONPS Health Tech will not sell, lease, or rent your individual-level information to a third party for research purposes without your explicit consent.

• We will not share your data with any public databases .
• We will not provide any person ’s data (genetic or non-genetic) to an insurance company or employer .
• We will not provide information to law enforcement or regulatory authorities unless required by law to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, or search warrant for genetic or Personal Information.

4. How we use your Personal Information

In addition to the purposes for which we collect your Personal Information listed in Section 2 above, we may use your Personal Information for the following purposes:

• To provide the Service. We use your Personal Information to create and maintain your CHONPS Health Tech account, enable purchases, process transactions, and provide other features and functionality to you.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is to provide our Service in accordance with our Terms of Use.
• To personalize the Service. We use your Personal Information to personalize and enhance your use of the Service, including to remember your preferences, provide personalized content, communications, and information, and track your use of the Service.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is our legitimate interest in delivering relevant and personalized content.
• To processes, analyze, and deliver an analysis of your traits. Once we receive your Raw Data, we will analyze it to provide individualized trait information and reports. We will also process and analyze your Personal Information pursuant to any informed consent you have signed.  For individuals in Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is to provide our Service in accordance with our Terms of Use or pursuant to your consent. ‍
• To market to you. We use your Personal Information to send you promotional or marketing messages, such as discounts, newsletters, and invitations to participate in surveys. You can unsubscribe from receiving these marketing communications by clicking the “unsubscribe” link in any marketing email we send you. You can also change your communication preferences in your CHONPS Health Tech account. Unsubscribing from marketing emails will not unsubscribe you from receiving non-marketing messages regarding your account, such as technical notices, purchase confirmations, or Service-related emails.   If you are located in a Designated European Country, our legal basis for processing is our legitimate interest in providing information that may interest you, or otherwise your consent. ‍
• To improve and develop the Service. We analyze your Personal Information to perform quality control activities, help us build new products, and improve the existing Service. We may also send you surveys, polls, or requests for testimonials to improve and optimize the Service.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is based on our legitimate interest. We think it is important to continue improving our Services to ensure your continued enjoyment. ‍
• To recruit you for research opportunities. We may use your Personal Information to ask you if you would like to participate in research opportunities with us or our partners. If you decide to participate in a research opportunity, you may be asked to sign an informed consent to participate in this research.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Sensitive Information is based on your consent. ‍
• To provide customer support. If you contact us with a request, question or concern, we use your Personal Information, including Sensitive Information, as necessary to answer your questions, resolve disputes, and/or investigate and troubleshoot problems or complaints.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information can be to satisfy our contractual or legal obligations and/or our legitimate interest to improve our Services, depending on the nature of your request. ‍
• To troubleshoot and protect the Service. We use your Personal Information to help troubleshoot problems, authenticate your visits, and detect and prevent against error, fraud, or other criminal or malicious activity.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is to provide our Service in accordance with our Terms of Use and our legitimate interest of maintaining security. ‍
• To enforce our rights and for other legal purposes. We use your Personal Information to provide you with legally required notices, to enforce our  Terms of Use or to alert you to changes in our policies or agreements that may affect your use of the Service.  For individuals located in the Designated European Countries, our legal basis for processing your Personal Information is to satisfy our contractual or legal obligations .

If we need to collect Personal Information by law or under the terms of a contract we have with you and you fail to provide us with the information when requested, we may not be able to perform the contract we have, or are trying to enter into, with you. We will inform you of any Personal Information we require from you and the consequences if you fail to provide it.

Special Categories: We only process Special Categories of Personal Information if you give us your explicit consent (such as through our Informed Consent), the processing is necessary to meet a legal or regulatory obligation, the processing is in connection with the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims, or is otherwise expressly permitted by law. Special Categories of Personal Information includes information about your racial or ethnic origin, genetic data (such as Raw Data), and data concerning health, sex life, and sexual orientation.

Other Uses: Any other purposes for which we wish to use your Personal Information that are not listed above, or any other changes we propose to make to the existing purposes will be notified to you by amending this Privacy Policy in accordance with the Section 15.

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5. When we share your Personal Information

We may share your Personal Information in the following circumstances:

• With service providers. We may share your Personal Information with contractors and third-party service providers who help us to provide the Service and to understand how you use it (each, a “ Subprocessor"). Other categories service providers we use include marketing, operations, payment processing, and technology vendors. The list of examples of our Subprocessors can be found here.
• With research partners. We may share your Personal Information with research partners only when you opt in to share your data with those partners or you provide your consent to share your Personal Information by signing an informed consent form. Our research partners may include commercial or non-profit organizations that conduct or support scientific research, develop drugs or medical devices, or are generally interested in DNA analysis. In some circumstances, we or a research partner may have a financial interest in the research arrangement. 

Note: When we share your Personal Information with research partners, we do not have control over how those research partners use or disclose your Personal Information. We recommend that you review the privacy policies of the research partners and any other third party with whom you share, or ask us to share, your Personal Information. 

• As required by law. We may share your Personal Information where we, in good faith, believe that the law or legal process (such as a court order, search warrant or subpoena) requires us to do so; to investigate, prevent, or take action regarding illegal activities, suspected fraud, or violations of our  Terms of Use; or in other circumstances where we believe is necessary to protect the rights, safety or property of CHONPS HEALTH TECH, our users, and third parties.
• As part of a business transaction. In the event that CHONPS HEALTH TECH is involved in a business transaction such as a merger, acquisition, or sale of all or a portion of its assets, your Personal Information will likely be among the assets transferred. In such case, your Personal Information will remain subject to the provisions of this Privacy Policy.

Sharing Aggregate Information. We may share Aggregate Information with third parties or the general public for our marketing or research purposes. For example, we may provide Aggregate Information in commercial arrangements with our business partners so that they may develop new research or products. We may also provide Aggregate Information to advertisers so they may tailor marketing messages or advertisements to our general user demographics. Disclosures for these purposes will never contain your Personal Information.

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6. Viewing and correcting your Personal Information

You can log into your CHONPS Health Tech account and view or amend the Personal Information associated with your account at any time. Please note that if you amend the Personal Information in your account, our servers may retain the old information as part of our logs and backups.

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7. Cookie Policy

This Cookie Policy explains what Cookies are, the different types of Cookies, how we use them, and how you can control them.

We use both session and persistent Cookies on our digital Service to improve your online experience. Session Cookies are stored on your device during a single visit to the website, and they are deleted as soon as you close your browser. Persistent Cookies remain on your device until they expire or you choose to delete them from your browser cache, and they are reactivated each time you visit the website that created them. You can find out more about Cookies, learn about what cookies have been set, and how you can manage and delete them at http://www.allaboutcookies.org.

We use Cookies for the following purposes:

• Authentication. These Cookies help us ensure that your password works and that you stay logged in when you move between pages on the website. They also keep you secure while you are logged in and help to ensure the digital Service looks consistent during your visit.
• Analytics. We use analytics Cookies to collect information about how you use our digital Service, such as which pages you visit and if you experience any errors. Analytics Cookies collect only Aggregate Information and we use them to improve how our digital Service works, understand what interests our users, and measure how effective our content is. For example, we use Google Analytics to help us track and understand how users use our websites. For information about how Google uses the information it collects, please visit Google’s Terms of Service.
• Advertising. Advertising Cookies collect information about your browsing habits. We use them to tailor our advertising to your perceived interests. We work with third party partners to help us advertise around the Internet, as well as to allow advertisements to be placed on our digital Service. To opt out of some targeting cookies, see the Section titled “Online behavioral advertising” below.
• Measurement. We use other Data Collection Technologies to help us manage content on our digital Service by informing us what content is effective. We also use Data Collection Technologies in our HTML-based emails to let us know which emails have been opened by recipients. This allows us to gauge the effectiveness of certain communications.

Controlling Cookies: You can manage and block cookies by adjusting the settings in your web browser. You can also set your browser to alert you every time a website sets a Cookie. Each browser works differently, so please refer to your browser’s help menu. Unless you have adjusted your browser settings, our system will issue cookies as soon as you visit our digital Service. If you change your browser settings to block all cookies (including essential ones) you may not be able to access some or all parts of our digital Service.

DNT signals: Some web browsers incorporate a “Do Not Track” (“ DNT”) or similar feature that signals to websites that a user does not want to have his or her online activity and behavior tracked. Although we do our best to honor your privacy preferences,, we do not respond to DNT signals from your browser at this time due to the lack of an established industry standard.

Online behavioral advertising. We may use Cookies to deliver content and advertisements specific to your interests and online behavior. These advertisements may appear on our digital Service or elsewhere on the Internet. We may also allow third-party advertisers that are presenting advertisements for us to set and access their cookies, pixels, tags, and scripts on your computer. The advertisers' use of cookies and these other technologies is subject to their own privacy policies. For information about online behavioral advertising and a tool that you can use to opt out of such tracking, please visit the Network Advertising Initiative website at http://www.networkadvertising.org/understanding-online-advertising or the Digital Advertising Alliance website at http://www.aboutads.info.

Social Media Plug-Ins. If you use buttons or plug-ins to share online content with your friends via social networks like Twitter and Facebook, these companies may set a Cookie on your computer or other device (laptop, tablet or mobile phone). To find out more about the Cookies that these social media platforms, set, please visit that social media platform’s privacy policy.

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8. Security

We maintain reasonable and appropriate safeguards designed to protect your Personally Information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration or destruction. For example, we limit our collection and use of your Personal Information to the extent necessary to provide you with the Service. However, we cannot guarantee the security of our systems or your Personal Information, and we encourage you to take reasonable precautions to safeguard your Personal Data.

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 9. Data retention

We will keep your Personal Information for as long as necessary to fulfill the purposes for which we collected it, including any legal, professional, accounting or reporting requirements. To determine the appropriate retention period, we consider the amount, nature, and sensitivity of Personal Information, the potential risk of harm from unauthorized use or disclosure of your Personal Information, the purposes for which we process your Personal Information, whether we can achieve those purposes through other means, and all applicable legal requirements.

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10. Users outside of Hong Kong

We are committed to complying with this Privacy Policy and the data protection laws, including those outside of Hong Kong, that apply to our collection and use of your Personal Information. We are located in Hong Kong and may use facilities in Hong Kong and other countries. When you provide us with your Personal Information or use the Service, we will process and store your Personal Information in Hong Kong and such other countries where we have facilities. We recognize that the laws in Hong Kong and such other countries may be different and, in some cases, not as protective as the laws where you are located. By providing us with your Personal Information or using the Service, you acknowledge that your Personal Information will be transferred to and processed where we operate.

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11. Hong Kong privacy rights

If you are a resident of Hong Kong, you may be entitled to the following privacy rights:

• The right to know. You have the right to request: (i) the specific pieces of Personal Information we have about you; (ii) the categories of Personal Information we have collected about you in the last 12 months; (iii) the categories of sources from which that Personal Information was collected; (iv) the categories of your Personal Information that we sold or disclosed in the last 12 months; (v) the categories of third parties to whom your Personal Information was sold or disclosed in the last 12 months; and (vi) the purpose for collecting and selling Personal Information. Generally:
• Within the preceding 12 months, CHONPS HEALTH TECH has collected the categories of personal information detailed in Section 2 “Information We Collect” above from the sources described in Section 2.
• It is not our practice to sell Personal Information, including about children under 16 years old. However, we understand that under the Hong Kong Consumer Privacy Act, the use of certain types of Cookies may be considered a “sale” of Personal Information. If you have not opted out from the use of certain cookies within the preceding 12 months, your device and browsing information may have been used to serve you targeted advertisements. 
• If you have provided your explicit consent, we have disclosed the following categories of Personal Information to our research partners within the preceding 12 months: Identifiers, Genetic information, Demographic information, Physical and health-related information; Social media information; Device and other internet information; and Financial information.
• The right to deletion. You have the right to request that we delete the Personal Information that we have collected or maintain about you. We may deny your request under certain circumstances, such as if we need to comply with our legal obligations or complete a transaction for which your Personal Information was collected. If we deny your request for deletion, we will let you know the reason why.
• The right to opt out of the sale of your Personal Information. You have the right to opt out of the sale of your Personal Information. If you wish to opt out of the use of your Personal Information for targeted advertising, please visit the Network Advertising Initiative website at http://www.networkadvertising.org/understanding-online-advertising or the Digital Advertising Alliance website at http://www.aboutads.info.
• The right to equal service. If you choose to exercise any of these rights, we will not discriminate against you in anyway. If you exercise certain rights, understand that you may be unable to use or access certain features of Service.

You may exercise your right to know and your right to deletion twice a year free of charge. To exercise your right to know or your right to deletion, email us at support@gene2h.com and indicate “Hong Kong Rights” in the subject line.

We will take steps to verify your identity before processing your request to know or request to delete. We will not fulfill your request unless you have provided sufficient information for us to reasonably verify you are the individual about whom we collected Personal Information. If you have an account with us, we will use our existing account authentication practices to verify your identity. If you do not have an account with us, we may request additional information about you to verify your identity. We will only use the Personal Information provided in the verification process to verify your identity or authority to make a request and to track and document request responses, unless you initially provided the information for another purpose.

You may use an authorized agent to submit a request to know or a request to delete. When we verify your agent’s request, we may verify both your and your agent’s identity and request a signed document from you that authorizes your agent to make the request on your behalf. To protect your Personal Information, we reserve the right to deny a request from an agent that does not submit proof that they have been authorized by you to act on their behalf.

Shine the Light – Third Party Marketing. Hong Kong law permits individual Hong Kong residents to request certain information regarding our disclosure of certain categories of Personal Information to third parties for those third parties’ direct marketing purposes. To make such a request, please contact us using the information in Section 16. This request may be made no more than once per calendar year, and we reserve our right not to respond to requests submitted other than to the email or mailing addresses specified below.

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12. Hong Kong Genetic Information Privacy Act

If you are a resident of Hong Kong, you may be entitled to the following rights regarding your Genetic Information:

• Access: You may access your Genetic Information.
• Deletion: You may delete your account and your Genetic Information, except for Genetic Information we are required to retain in order to comply with our legal obligations.
• Destruction: You may request that your biological sample be destroyed.
• Non-discrimination: If you exercise any of these rights, we will not discriminate against you.  

To exercise these rights, you can visit http://g2h.gene2h.com to delete your data or contact at support@gene2h.com. 

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13. Nevada Residents

Pursuant to Nevada law, you may direct a business that operates an internet website not to sell certain Personal Information a business has collected or will collect about you. We do not sell your Personal Information pursuant to Nevada law. For more information about how we handle and share your Personal Information or your rights under Nevada law, contact us at support@gene2h.com.

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14. Rights for individuals in the EEA

If you are located in the European Economic Area and we maintain your Personal Information, you have the following additional rights (under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “ GDPR”) with regard to your Personal Information:

• Right to access and receive: You may request a copy of or access to the Personal Information we hold about you. You may also request that we transfer your Personal Information to a third party in a machine-readable format.
• Right to correct: You may ask us to update or correct inaccurate or incomplete Personal Information we hold about you.
• Right to limit or restrict: You may have the right to request that we stop using all or some of your Personal Information or to limit our use of it.
• Right to erase: You may have the right to request that we delete all or some of your Personal Information. This right may be limited if we have collected your Personal Information for research purposes.
• Right to withdraw consent: You have the right to withdraw any consent you have previously given to us at any time. Your withdrawal of consent does not affect the lawfulness of our collecting, using, and sharing of your Personal Information prior to the withdrawal of your consent. Even if you withdraw your consent, we have the right to use your Personal Information if it has been fully anonymized and cannot be used to personally identify you.
• Right to complain: You have the right to lodge a complaint with your Supervisory Authority if you are unhappy with how we process your Personal Information. You can find contact information for your Supervisory Authority on the European Commission Data Protection Authorities webpage or through other publicly available sources.

Please note that if you decide to exercise some of your rights, we may be unable to provide you with certain services, or you may not be able to use or take full advantage of the services we offer. We may charge you a reasonable fee if you request additional copies of your Personal Information or make other requests that are manifestly unfounded or excessive. If we are unable to honor your request, or before we charge a fee, we will let you know why.

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15. Children’s privacy

Our services are not directed to or intended for use by children. If we learn that we have received Personal Information directly from a child without his or her parent or legal guardian’s verified consent (where required by law), we will use that Personal Information only to respond directly to that child (or his or her parent or legal guardian) to inform the child that he or she cannot use our services. Subsequently, we will delete such Personal Information.

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16. Third party websites and services

When interacting with us, you may come across links or references to third party websites and services that we do not operate or control. If you provide your Personal Information to that third party through its websites or services, you will be subject to that third party’s privacy practices and policies and terms of use. This Privacy Policy does not apply to any Personal Information that you provide to a third party website or service. We recommend that you read the privacy policy that applies to that third party website or service. A link or reference to a third party website or service does not mean that we endorse that third party or the quality or accuracy of the information presented on its website or service.

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17. Effective date; changes

The last updated and effective date of this Privacy Policy is posted at the top of this page. We may update this Privacy Policy from time to time to reflect changes in our practices, our industry, or applicable laws. When we make material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will give you advance notice by posting an alert through the Service or by sending you an email to the email address we have on file. The amended Privacy Policy will apply on a go-forward basis to the Personal Information we already collected about you, as well as any Personal Information we may collect in the future. If you disagree with any changes, please let us know by contacting us using the information in Section 16.

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18. Contact us

If you have any questions or comments about this Privacy Policy or our information practices, please contact us using the following information:

CHONPS Health Tech, Inc.
Attn.: Privacy
1F, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

support@gene2h.com

CHONPS Health Tech

Copyright © 2022. All rights reserved.

]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=14 14 2022-01-17 02:18:00 +0800 Privacy Policy Highlights

Last Updated: 16 Jan, 2022

These "Privacy Highlights" provide an overview of some core components of our data handling practices. Please be sure to review the Full Privacy Statement.

Information We Collect

We generally collect the following information:

• Information we receive when you use our Services.  We collect Web-Behavior Information via cookies and other similar tracking technologies when you use and access our Services (our website, mobile apps, products, software and other services). See our Cookie Policy for more information.
• Information you share with us.  We collect and process your information when you place an order, create an account, register your CHONPS Health Tech kit, complete research surveys, post on our Forums or use other messaging features, and contact Customer Care. This information can generally be categorized as Registration Information, Self-Reported Information, and/or User Content as defined in our full Privacy Statement.
• Information from our DNA testing services.  With your consent, we extract your DNA from your saliva sample and analyze it to produce your Genetic Information (the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs at particular locations in your genome) in order to provide you with CHONPS Health Tech reports.

How We Use Information

We generally process Personal Information for the following reasons:

• To provide our Services. We process Personal Information in order to provide our Service, which includes processing payments, shipping kits to customers, creating customer accounts and authenticating logins, analyzing saliva samples and DNA, and delivering results and powering tools like DNA Relatives.
• To analyze and improve our Services.  We constantly work to improve and provide new reports, tools, and Services. For example, we are constantly working to improve our ability to assign specific ancestries to your DNA segments and maximize the granularity of our results. We may also need to fix bugs or issues, analyze the use of our website to improve the customer experience or assess our marketing campaigns.
• For CHONPS Health Tech Research, with your consent. If you choose to consent to participate in CHONPS Health Tech Research, CHONPS Health Tech researchers can include your de-identified Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information in a large pool of customer data for analyses aimed at making scientific discoveries.

Control: Your Choices

You have the ability to make decisions about how your data is shared and used. You choose:

• To store or discard your saliva sample  after it has been analyzed.
• Which health report(s)  you view and/or opt-in to view.
• When and with whom you share your information , including friends, family members, health care professionals, or others outside our Services, including through third party services that accept CHONPS Health Tech data and social networks.
• To give or decline consent for CHONPS Health Tech Research. By agreeing to the Research Consent Document, Individual Data Sharing Consent Document, or participating in a CHONPS Health Tech Research Community you can consent to the use of your de-identified data for scientific research purposes.
• To delete your CHONPS Health Tech account and data, at any time.

Access To Your Information

Your Personal Information may be shared in the following ways:

• With our service providers, as necessary for them to provide their services to us.
• With qualified research collaborators , only if you provide your explicit consent.

CHONPS Health Tech will not sell, lease, or rent your individual-level information to a third party for research purposes without your explicit consent.

• We will not  share your data with any public databases .
• We will not  provide any person’s data (genetic or non-genetic) to an insurance company  or  employer .
• We will not provide information to law enforcement or  regulatory authorities unless required by law to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, or search warrant for genetic or Personal Information (visit our Transparency Report).

How We Secure Information

CHONPS Health Tech implements measures and systems to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of CHONPS Health Tech data. Our team regularly reviews and improves our security practices to help ensure the integrity of our systems and your information. These practices include, but are not limited to, the following areas:

• Independent security certification and audit. Our information security management system, which protects CHONPS Health Tech information assets supporting our Services, has been certified under the internationally recognized ISO/IEC 27001:2013 standard. Some of those controls are described below.
• Encryption.  CHONPS Health Tech uses industry standard security measures to encrypt Sensitive Information both when it is stored and when it is being transmitted.
• Limited access to essential personnel.  We limit access of information to authorized personnel, based on job function and role. CHONPS Health Tech access controls include multi-factor authentication, single sign-on, and a strict least-privileged authorization policy.

Risks and Considerations

There may be some consequences of using our Services that you haven't considered.

• You may discover things about yourself and/or your family members that may be upsetting or cause anxiety and that you may not have the ability to control or change.
• You may discover relatives who were previously unknown to you, or may learn that someone you thought you were related to is not your biological relative.
• In the event of a data breach it is possible that your data could be associated with your identity, which could be used against your interests.

Full Privacy Statement

Last Updated: 16 Jan, 2022

This Privacy Statement applies to all websites owned and operated by CHONPS Health Tech, Inc ("CHONPS Health Tech"), including www.gene2h.com, and any other websites, pages, features, or content we own or operate, and to your use of the CHONPS Health Tech mobile app and any related Services. Our Privacy Statement is designed to help you better understand how we collect, use, store, process, and transfer your information when using our Services.

Please carefully review this Privacy Statement and our Terms of Service. Unless otherwise defined in this Privacy Statement, terms used in this Privacy Statement have the same meanings as terms defined in our Terms of Service. By using our Services, you acknowledge all of the policies and procedures described in the foregoing documents. If you do not agree with or you are not comfortable with any aspect of this Privacy Statement or our Terms of Service, you should immediately discontinue use of our Services.

Contents

1. Key Definitions
2. Information we collect
• Information you provide directly to us
• Information related to our genetic testing services
• Information collected through tracking technology
• Other types of information
3. How we use your information
• To provide you with Services and analyze and improve our Services
• To process, analyze and deliver your genetic testing results
• To allow you to share your Personal Information with others
• To allow you to share your Personal Information for research purposes
• To recruit you for external research
• To provide customer support
• To conduct surveys or polls, and obtain testimonials
• To provide you with marketing communications
4. Information we share with third parties
• General Service Providers
• "Targeted advertising" service providers
• Aggregate Information
• Information we share with commonly owned entities
• As required by law
• Business Transactions
5. Your choices
• Access to your account
• Marketing communications
• Sharing outside of the CHONPS Health Tech Services
• Account Deletion
6. Security Measures
7. Children's Privacy
8. Linked Websites
9. Information for Customers in Designated Countries
• International Transfers
• Our relationship with you
• Legal bases for processing Personal Information from the EU
• Direct Marketing
• Privacy Rights
• Complaints
10. California Residents
11. Nevada Residents
12. Do-Not-Track Statement
13. Changes to this Privacy Statement
14. Contact information

1. Key Definitions

1. Aggregate Information: information that has been combined with that of other users and analyzed or evaluated as a whole, such that no specific individual may be reasonably identified.
2. De-identified Information: information that has been stripped of your Registration Information (e.g., your name and contact information) and other identifying data such that you cannot reasonably be identified as an individual, also known as pseudonymized information.
3. Individual-level Information: information about a single individual's genotypes, diseases or other traits/characteristics, but which is not necessarily tied to Registration Information.
4. Personal Information: information that can be used to identify you, either alone or in combination with other information. CHONPS Health Tech collects and stores the following types of Personal Information:

a.       Registration Information: information you provide about yourself when registering for and/or purchasing our Services (e.g. name, email, address, user ID and password, and payment information).

b.       Genetic Information: information regarding your genotypes (i.e. the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs at particular locations in your genome), generated through processing of your saliva by CHONPS Health Tech or by its contractors, successors, or assignees; or otherwise processed by and/or contributed to CHONPS Health Tech.

c.       Self-Reported Information : information you provide directly to us, either through the Services or through a third party, including your disease conditions, other health-related information, personal traits, ethnicity, family history, and other information that you enter into surveys, forms, or features while signed in to your CHONPS Health Tech account.

d.       Sensitive Information: information about your health, Genetic Information, and certain Self-Reported Information such as racial and ethnic origin, sexual orientation, and political affiliation.

e.       User Content: information, data, text, software, music, audio, photographs, graphics, video, messages, or other materials - other than Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information-generated by users of CHONPS Health Tech Services and transmitted, whether publicly or privately, to or through CHONPS Health Tech.

f.        Inferences and Derived Data: information, data, assumptions, or conclusions that are derived directly or indirectly from another source of Personal Information. For example, we may use statistical techniques to infer additional genetic information based on genetic information generated directly through the processing of your saliva sample.

g.       Web-Behavior Information: information on how you use our Services collected through log files, cookies, web beacons, and similar technologies, (e.g., device information (device identifiers), IP address, browser type, domains, page views).

2. Information we collect

a.       Information you provide directly to us or through a third party

i. Registration Information. When you purchase our Services or create a CHONPS Health Tech account, we collect Personal Information, which may include your name, date of birth, billing and shipping address, payment information (e.g., credit card) and contact information (e.g. email, phone number and license number).

ii. Self-Reported Information. You have the option to provide us with additional information about yourself through surveys, forms, features and applications. For example, you may provide us with information about your personal traits (e.g., eye color, height), ethnicity, disease conditions (e.g., Type 2 Diabetes), other health-related information (e.g., pulse rate, cholesterol levels, visual acuity), and family history information (e.g., information similar to the foregoing about your family members). Before you disclose information about a family member, you should make sure you have permission from the family member to do so.

iii. User Content. Some of our Services allow you to create and post or upload content, such as data, text, software, music, audio, photographs, graphics, video, messages, or other materials that you create or provide to us through either a public or private transmission (" User Content"). For example, User Content includes any discussions, posts, or messages you send on our Forums.

iv. Blogs and Forums. Our website offers publicly accessible blogs. Additionally, CHONPS Health Tech customers may participate in our online Forums. You should be aware that any information you provide or post in these areas may be read, collected, and used by others who access them. To request that we remove or de-identify your Personal Information from our blog or Forums, contact us at privacy@gene2h.com. Please note that whenever you post something publicly, it may sometimes be impossible to remove all instances of the posted information, for example, if someone has taken a screenshot of your posting. Please exercise caution before choosing to share Personal Information publicly on our blogs, Forums or in any other posting. You may be required to register with a third party application to post a comment. To learn how the third party application uses your information, please review the third party's terms of use and privacy statement.

v. Social media features and widgets. Our Services include Social Media Features, such as the Facebook "Like" or "Share" button and widgets ("Features"). These Features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our site, and may set a cookie to enable the Feature to function properly. They may also allow third party social media services to provide us information about you, including your name, email address, and other contact information. The information we receive is dependent upon your privacy settings with the third party social media service. Features are either hosted by a third party or hosted directly on our site. Your interactions with these Features are governed by the privacy statements of the third party companies providing them. You should always review and, if necessary, adjust your privacy settings on third party websites and services before linking or connecting them to our website or Service.

vi. Third party services (e.g., social media). If you use a third party site, such as Facebook or Twitter, in connection with our Services to communicate with another person (e.g., to make or post referrals or to request that we communicate with another person), then in addition to that person's name and contact information, we may also collect other information (e.g., your profile picture, network, gender, username, user ID, age range, language, country, friends lists or followers) depending on your privacy settings on the third party site. We do not control the third party site's information practices, so please review the third party’s privacy statement and your settings on the third party’s site carefully.

vii. Third party sign in. You may create a CHONPS Health Tech account and/or sign in to our Services using an account you created with a third party service, such as Google. If you provide authorization to CHONPS Health Tech, we will collect and use the information you share with us via that third party service (such as your email address, name, and date of birth as specified in your third party service account) in accordance with this Privacy Statement. You are responsible for managing your credentials for your third party service account, and for maintaining the security of your third party service account. CHONPS Health Tech does not have access to the credentials for your third party service account. If you choose to use third party sign in and you lose access to your credentials for your third party service account, you may not be able to access your CHONPS Health Tech account. You may manage authorization for third party sign in through your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings or through your third party service account.

viii. Referral information and sharing. When you refer a person to CHONPS Health Tech or choose to share your CHONPS Health Tech results with another person, we will ask for that person's email address. We will use their email address solely, as applicable, to make the referral or to communicate your sharing request to them, and we will let your contact know that you requested the communication. By participating in a referral program or by choosing to share information with another person, you confirm that the person has given you consent for CHONPS Health Tech to communicate (e.g., via email) with him or her. The person you referred may contact us at privacy@gene2h.com to request that we remove this information from our database. For more information on our referral program, see here.

ix. Gifts. If you provide us with Personal Information about others, if others give us your information, or if you authorize another individual to share or send your Personal Information to our third party service provider(s) for the purpose of ordering the Service or other personalized gift(s), we will only use that information for the purpose for which it was provided to us. These purposes may include, for example, where you provide us with a friend’s shipping address when placing an order or where you authorize a family member to order personalized merchandise based on your ancestry report results. Once a gift recipient registers for our Services and agrees to our Privacy Statement, our Terms of Service, and if applicable, certain Consent Documents, his or her Personal Information will be used in manners consistent with this Privacy Statement, and will not be shared with the purchaser, unless they independently choose to share their own Personal Information through the Services with the purchaser. Information shared directly with our third party service provider(s) for personalized gifts are subject to such third party’s terms of service and privacy policies.

x. Customer service. When you contact Customer Care or correspond with us about our Service, we collect information to: track and respond to your inquiry; investigate any breach of our Terms of Service, Privacy Statement or applicable laws or regulations; and analyze and improve our Services.

b.       Information related to our genetic testing services

 . Saliva sample and biobanking. To use our genetic testing services, you must purchase, or receive as a gift, a CHONPS Health Tech Personal Genetic Service testing kit, create an online account and register your kit, and ship your saliva sample to us or our third party laboratory. Your DNA will be extracted from your saliva sample for analysis. During kit registration you are asked to review our Consent Document for Sample Storage and Additional Genetic Analyses. Unless you consent to sample storage (“Biobanking”) and additional analyses, your saliva sample and DNA are destroyed after the laboratory completes its work, subject to laboratory legal and regulatory requirements. You can update your Biobanking preference to discard a stored sample within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings once your sample has completed processing.

i. Genetic Information. Information regarding your genotype (e.g. the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs at particular locations in your genome), your Genetic Information, is generated when we analyze and process your saliva sample, or when you otherwise contribute or access your Genetic Information through our Services. Genetic Information includes the CHONPS Health Tech results reported to you as part of our Services, and may be used for other purposes, as outlined in Section 3 below.

c.       Web-Behavior Information collected through tracking technology (e.g. from cookies and similar technologies)

We and our third party service providers use cookies and similar technologies (such as web beacons, tags, scripts and device identifiers) to:

 .help us recognize you when you use our Services;

i.customize and improve your experience;

ii.provide security;

iii.analyze usage of our Services (such as to analyze your interactions with the results, reports, and other features of the Service);

iv.gather demographic information about our user base;

v.offer our Services to you;

vi.monitor the success of marketing programs; and

vii.serve targeted advertising on our site and on other sites around the Internet.

If you reject cookies, you may still use our site, but your ability to use some features or areas of our site may be limited. For more information, including the types of cookies found on CHONPS Health Tech and how to control cookies, please read our Cookie Policy.

We may receive reports based on the use of these technologies from third party service providers as de-identified, Individual-level Information or as Aggregate Information (as described in Section 4.c).

Google Analytics. Google Analytics is used to perform many of the tasks listed above. We use the User-ID feature of Google Analytics to combine behavioral information across devices and sessions (including authenticated and unauthenticated sessions). We have enabled the following Google Analytics Advertising features: Remarketing, Google Display Network Impression Reporting, Google Analytics Demographics and Interest Reporting, and DoubleClick Campaign Manager integration. We do not merge information collected through any Google advertising product with individual-level information collected elsewhere by our Service.  Learn more about how Google collects and uses data here. To opt out of Google Analytics Advertising Features please use Google Ad Settings. To opt out of Google Analytics entirely please use this link.

d.       Other Types of Information

We continuously work to enhance our Services with new products, applications and features that may result in the collection of new and different types of information. We will update our Privacy Statement and/or obtain your prior consent to new processing, as needed.

3. How we use your information

CHONPS Health Tech will use and share your Personal Information with third parties only in the ways that are described in this Privacy Statement.

a.       To provide you with Services and to analyze and improve our Services

We use the information described above in Section 2 to operate, provide, analyze and improve our Services. These activities may include, among other things, using your information in a manner consistent with this Privacy Statement to:

i.open your account, enable purchases and process payments, communicate with you, and implement your requests (e.g., referrals);

ii.enable and enhance your use of our website and mobile application(s), including authenticating your visits, providing personalized content and information, and tracking your usage of our Services;

iii.contact you about your account, and any relevant information about our Services (e.g. policy changes, security updates or issues, etc.);

iv.enforce our Terms of Service and other agreements;

v.monitor, detect, investigate and prevent prohibited or illegal behaviors on our Services, to combat spam and other security risks; and

vi.perform research & development activities, which may include, for example, conducting data analysis in order to develop new or improve existing products and services, and performing quality control activities.

For individuals located in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), United Kingdom, or Switzerland (collectively the “Designated Countries”): We process your Personal Information in this way to provide our Services to you in accordance with our Terms of Service.

b.       To process, analyze and deliver your genetic testing results

As described above, to receive results through the Personal Genetic Service, you must create a CHONPS Health Tech account, register your kit, and submit your saliva sample to be genotyped by us or our contracted laboratory. Once genotyped, we further analyze your Genetic Information to provide you with our health and/or ancestry reports, depending on the Service purchased. CHONPS Health Tech continuously works to improve our Services based on our research and product development, and genetic associations identified in scientific literature. If you are eligible to receive additional reports or updates in the future, you may be notified of or may directly access these updates.

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Sensitive Information for the purposes described above is based on your consent. You may withdraw your consent at any time by deleting your Account via your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings, however, the withdrawal of your consent will not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal.

c.       To allow you to share your Personal Information with others

CHONPS Health Tech gives you the ability to share information, including Personal Information, through the Services. You have the option to share directly with individuals with CHONPS Health Tech accounts through (i) our Forums, (ii) relative finding features (e.g., "DNA Relatives"), and (iii) other sharing features and tools. You may also have the ability to share information directly with individuals who have not participated in our Service via a unique, shareable URL or through a social media platform (such information is "User Content"). Some sharing features, including receiving sharing invitations, may require that you opt-out, however you will always be required to take a positive action, such as opting in, to share Sensitive Information.

You should be thoughtful about your sharing choices. Once you have chosen to share any Personal Information, the individuals with whom you share this information, may also use or share your Personal Information, including any Sensitive Information you choose to share.

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Personal Information for the purpose described above is based on your consent. You may withdraw your consent at any time, however, the withdrawal of your consent will not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal.

d.       To allow you to share your Personal Information for CHONPS Health Tech Research purposes

You have the choice to participate in CHONPS Health Tech Research by providing your consent. "CHONPS Health Tech Research" refers to research aimed at publication in peer-reviewed journals and other research funded by the federal government (such as the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”)) conducted by CHONPS Health Tech.

CHONPS Health Tech Research may be sponsored by, conducted on behalf of, or in collaboration with third parties, such as non-profit foundations, academic institutions or pharmaceutical companies. CHONPS Health Tech Research may study a specific group or population, identify potential areas or targets for therapeutics development, conduct or support the development of drugs, diagnostics or devices to diagnose, predict or treat medical or other health conditions, work with public, private and/or non-profit entities on genetic research initiatives, or otherwise create, commercialize, and apply this new knowledge to improve health care. CHONPS Health Tech Research uses Aggregate and/or Individual-level Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information as specified in the appropriate Consent Document(s), as explained in greater detail below.

Your De-identified Genetic and Self-Reported Information may be used for CHONPS Health Tech Research only if you have consented to this use by completing a Consent Document. If you have completed the main Research Consent Document:

 .Your Genetic Information and/or Self-Reported Information will be used for research purposes, but it will be de-identified and will not be linked to your Registration Information.

i.CHONPS Health Tech may use individual-level Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information internally at CHONPS Health Tech for research purposes.

ii.CHONPS Health Tech may share summary statistics, which do not identify any particular individual or contain individual-level information, with our qualified research collaborators.

If you have completed the Individual Level Data Sharing Consent, or additional consent agreement, in addition to the uses above under the main Research Consent Document, CHONPS Health Tech may share De-identified Individual-level Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information with select third party research collaborators for CHONPS Health Tech Research purposes.

Withdrawing your Consent. You may withdraw your consent to participate in CHONPS Health Tech Research at any time by changing your consent status within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings. If you experience difficulties changing your consent status, contact the Human Protections Administrator at hpa@CHONPS Health Tech.com. CHONPS Health Tech will not include your Genetic Information or Self-Reported Information in studies that start more than 30 days after you withdraw (it may take up to 30 days to withdraw your information after you withdraw your consent). Any research involving your data that has already been performed or published prior to your withdrawal from CHONPS Health Tech Research will not be reversed, undone, or withdrawn. You may also discontinue your participation in CHONPS Health Tech Research by deleting your CHONPS Health Tech account (as described in Section 5.d.).

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Sensitive Information for the purpose described above is based on your consent. You may withdraw your consent at any time, however, the withdrawal of your consent will not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal.

e.       To recruit you for external research

Research is an important aspect of our Services and we want to ensure interested participants are aware of additional opportunities to contribute to interesting, novel scientific research conducted by academic institutions, healthcare organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and other groups. If you have chosen to participate in CHONPS Health Tech Research, from time to time we may inform you of third party research opportunities for which you may be eligible. For example, if a university tells us about a new cancer research project, we may send an email to CHONPS Health Tech research participants who potentially fit the relevant eligibility criteria to make them aware of the research project and provide a link to participate with the research organization conducting the study. We will not share Individual-level Genetic Information or Self-Reported Information with any third party without your explicit consent. If you do not wish to receive these notifications, you can manage them by editing your preferences in your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings.

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Sensitive Information for the purpose described above is based on your consent. You may withdraw your consent at any time, however, the withdrawal of your consent will not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal.

f.        To provide customer support

When you contact Customer Care, we may use or request Personal Information, including Sensitive Information, as necessary to answer your questions, resolve disputes, and/or investigate and troubleshoot problems or complaints. In some instances, we may be required to process one customer’s Personal Information to resolve another customer’s dispute or request. For example, if a customer reports behavior that violates our Terms of Service, we will separately process both customers’ Personal Information and respond separately to each individual as appropriate. We will not share your Personal Information with another customer without your consent.

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Personal Information for the purpose described above depends on the nature of the customer support request. Our legal basis can be to satisfy our contractual or legal obligations and/or our legitimate interest to improve our Services.

g.       To conduct surveys or polls, and obtain testimonials

We value your feedback and may send you surveys, polls, or requests for testimonials to improve and optimize our Services. You are in control of the information you would like to share with us. If you do not wish to receive these requests, you can manage them in your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings.

For individuals located in the Designated Countries: Our legal basis for processing your Personal Information for the purpose described above is based on our legitimate interest. We think it is important to continue improving our Services to ensure your continued enjoyment.

h.       To provide you with marketing communications

By creating a CHONPS Health Tech account, you are agreeing that we may send you product and promotional emails or notifications about our Services, and offers on new products, services, promotions or contests. You may also opt-in to receiving similar notifications on the website or mobile application(s). You can unsubscribe from receiving these marketing communications at any time. To unsubscribe, click the email footer “unsubscribe” link or go to the “Preferences” section of your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings to edit your email notification preferences. To opt-out of receiving website and mobile notifications, you may do so within your browser or device settings. Please note, the opt-out process differs between web browsers and mobile devices. You may not opt-out of receiving non-promotional messages regarding your account, such as technical notices, purchase confirmations, or Service-related emails.

Individuals located in Designated Countries should review Section 9.d. to understand our marketing practices in relation to the Designated Countries.

4. Information we share with third parties

a.       General service providers.

We share the information described above in Section 2 with our third party service providers, as necessary for them to provide their services to us and help us perform our contract with you. Service providers are third parties (other companies or individuals) that help us to provide, analyze and improve our Services. While CHONPS Health Tech directly conducts the majority of data processing activities required to provide our Services to you, we engage some third party service providers to assist in supporting our Services, including in the following areas:

i. Order fulfillment and shipping.  Our payment processor processes certain Registration Information, such as your billing address and credit card information, as necessary to enable you to purchase a CHONPS Health Tech kit from the CHONPS Health Tech.com online store. Our distribution centers ship your kit(s) to you, and in some cases help return your kit safely to us or to our third party laboratory so your sample can be processed.

ii. Our CLIA-certified genotyping lab.  To use our genetic testing services, you must purchase, or receive as a gift, a CHONPS Health Tech Personal Genetic Service testing kit, and ship your saliva sample to us or our third party laboratory. Once delivered, receiving personnel at the laboratory remove and discard kit packaging, which in some cases may contain "sender information" (e.g., name, address), before testing personnel receive the samples for processing. Receiving personnel do not perform testing, and testing personnel handle saliva samples that are only identified by a unique barcode. For samples processed by our third party genotyping laboratory, when the laboratory has completed their analysis, they securely send the resulting Genetic Information to us identified by your unique barcode.

During kit registration, you are asked to review our Consent Document for Sample Storage and Additional Genetic Analyses. Unless you consent to Biobanking and additional analyses, your saliva sample and DNA are destroyed after the laboratory completes its work, subject to the legal and regulatory requirements. Should you wish to update your sample storage preference to discard a stored sample, you can do so within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings once your sample has completed processing. As detailed further in Section 5.d. (Account Deletion), our genotyping laboratory or contracted genotyping laboratory will retain certain information as necessary to comply with applicable regulatory and legal obligations.

iii. Customer Care support. Our Customer Care team uses a number of tools to help organize and manage the requests we receive. These tools help to ensure we provide timely, high quality support.

iv. Cloud storage, IT, and Security. Our cloud storage providers provide secure storage for information in CHONPS Health Tech databases, ensure that our infrastructure can support continued use of our Services by CHONPS Health Tech customers, and protect data in the event of a natural disaster or other disruption to our Service. Our IT and security service providers assist with intrusion detection and prevention measures to stop any potential attacks against our networks. We have these third party experts perform regular penetration tests and periodically audit CHONPS Health Tech’s security controls.

v. Marketing and analytics. When you use our Services, including our website or mobile app(s), our third party service providers may collect Web-Behavior Information about your visit, such as the links you clicked on, the duration of your visit, and the URLs you visited. This information can help us improve site navigability and assess our Marketing campaigns. Per applicable data protection regulations, our EU, UK, and International websites present visitors with a cookie opt in to allow the processing described above via Functionality and Advertising Cookies.

NOTE: Our service providers act on CHONPS Health Tech's behalf. We implement procedures and maintain contractual terms with each service provider to protect the confidentiality and security of your information. However, we cannot guarantee the confidentiality and security of your information due to the inherent risks associated with storing and transmitting data electronically.

For individuals located in the European Economic Area (“EEA”), United Kingdom, or Switzerland (collectively the “Designated Countries”): Where Personal Information are transferred to a third country or to an international organisation, CHONPS Health Tech implements appropriate safeguards, such as contractual obligations, relating to the transfer.

b.       "Targeted advertising" service providers

We permit third party advertising networks and providers to collect Web-Behavior Information regarding the use of our Services to help us to deliver targeted online advertisements ("ads") to you. They use cookies and similar technologies, to gather information about your browser's or device's visits and usage patterns on our Services and on other websites over time, which helps to better personalize ads to match your interests, and to measure the effectiveness of ad campaigns. We and our third party service providers will not use your Sensitive Information, such as Genetic Information and Self-Reported Information, for targeted marketing without asking for and receiving your explicit consent.

For more information about our marketing practices, please review our Cookie Policy.

c.       Aggregate information

We may share Aggregate Information, which is information that has been stripped of your name and contact information and combined with information of others so that you cannot reasonably be identified as an individual, with third parties. This Information is different from "Individual-level" information and is not Personal Information because it does not identify any particular individual or disclose any particular individual’s data. For example, Aggregate Information may include a statement that "30% of our female users share a particular genetic trait," without providing any data or testing results specific to any individual user. In contrast, Individual-level Genetic Information or Self-Reported Information consists of data about a single individual's genotypes, diseases or other traits/characteristics information and could reveal whether a specific user has a particular genetic trait, or consist of all of the Genetic Information about that user. CHONPS Health Tech will ask for your consent to share Individual-level Genetic Information or Self-Reported Information with any third party, other than our service providers as necessary for us to provide the Services to you.

d.       Information we share with commonly owned entities

We may share some or all of your Personal Information with other companies under common ownership or control of CHONPS Health Tech, which may include our subsidiaries, our corporate parent, or any other subsidiaries owned by our corporate parent in order to provide you better service and improve user experience. Generally, sharing such information is necessary for us to perform on our contract with you. We may provide additional notice and ask for your prior consent if we wish to share your Personal Information with our commonly owned entities in a materially different way than discussed in this Privacy Statement.

e.       As required by law

Under certain circumstances your Personal Information may be subject to processing pursuant to laws, regulations, judicial or other government subpoenas, warrants, or orders. For example, we may be required to disclose Personal Information in coordination with regulatory authorities in response to lawful requests by public authorities, including to meet national security or law enforcement requirements. CHONPS Health Tech will preserve and disclose any and all information to law enforcement agencies or others if required to do so by law or in the good faith belief that such preservation or disclosure is reasonably necessary to: (a) comply with legal or regulatory process (such as a judicial proceeding, court order, or government inquiry) or obligations that CHONPS Health Tech may owe pursuant to ethical and other professional rules, laws, and regulations; (b) enforce the CHONPS Health Tech Terms of Service and other policies; (c) respond to claims that any content violates the rights of third parties; or (d) protect the rights, property, or personal safety of CHONPS Health Tech, its employees, its users, its clients, and the public. View our Transparency Report for more information.

NOTE: If you are participating in CHONPS Health Tech Research, CHONPS Health Tech will withhold disclosure of your Personal Information involved in such Research in response to judicial or other government subpoenas, warrants or orders in accordance with any applicable Certificate of Confidentiality that CHONPS Health Tech has obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). There are limits to what the Certificate of Confidentiality covers so please visit the Certificates of Confidentiality Kiosk.

f.        Business transactions

In the event that CHONPS Health Tech goes through a business transition such as a merger, acquisition by another company, or sale of all or a portion of its assets your Personal Information will likely be among the assets transferred. In such a case, your information would remain subject to the promises made in any pre-existing Privacy Statement.

5. Your choices

a.       Access to your account

We provide access to your CHONPS Health Tech data within your CHONPS Health Tech account. You can access and download data processed by CHONPS Health Tech within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings and within applicable Reports, Tools, and features. If you lose access to your CHONPS Health Tech account or account email address, please contact Customer Care for assistance. If you lose access to your CHONPS Health Tech account, in certain circumstances, we may require that you submit additional information sufficient to verify your identity before providing access or otherwise releasing information to you. If you choose not to submit the required documentation, or the information provided is not sufficient for the purposes sought, CHONPS Health Tech will not be able to sufficiently verify your identity in order to complete your request.

You may access, correct or update most of your Registration Information on your own within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings. You may also review and update your consent to CHONPS Health Tech Research and Biobanking. You may be able to correct Self-Reported Information entered into a survey, form, or feature within your account, such as on the surveys page, by clicking “Edit your answers here.” Please note that you may not be able to delete User Content that has been shared with others through the Service and that you may not be able to delete information that has been shared with third parties.

Individuals located in Designated Countries should review Section 9.e. to understand their rights to access Personal Information.

b.       Marketing communications

As noted in Section 3.h. you may be asked to opt-in to receive product and promotional emails or notifications when creating your CHONPS Health Tech account or when using our Services. You may view or update your notification preferences for marketing communications by visiting your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings, opting out at the browser or device level, or by contacting our Privacy Administrator at privacy@gene2h.com. You can also click the "unsubscribe" button at the bottom of promotional email communications, as applicable.

c.       Sharing outside of the CHONPS Health Tech Services

You may decide to share your Personal Information with friends and/or family members, doctors or other health care professionals, and/or other individuals outside of our Services, including through third party services such as social networks and third party apps that connect to our website and mobile apps through our application programming interface ("API"). These third parties may use your Personal Information differently than we do under this Privacy Statement. Please make such choices carefully and review the privacy statements of all other third parties involved in the transaction. CHONPS Health Tech does not endorse or sponsor any API applications, and does not affirm the accuracy or validity of any interpretations made by third party API applications.

In general, it can be difficult to contain or retrieve Personal Information once it has been shared or disclosed. CHONPS Health Tech will have no responsibility or liability for any consequences that may result because you have released or shared Personal Information with others. Likewise, if you are reading this because you have access to the Personal Information of a CHONPS Health Tech customer through a multi-profile account, we urge you to recognize your responsibility to protect the privacy of each person within that account. Users with multi-profile accounts (i.e., where multiple family members register their kits to one account) should use caution in setting profile-level privacy settings.

d.       Account deletion

If you no longer wish to participate in our Services, or no longer wish to have your Personal Information be processed, you may delete your CHONPS Health Tech account and Personal Information within your CHONPS Health Tech Account Settings. Once you submit your request, we will send an email to the email address linked to your CHONPS Health Tech account detailing our account deletion policy and requesting that you confirm your deletion request. Once you confirm your request to delete your account and data, your account will no longer be accessible while we process your request. Once you confirm your request, this process cannot be cancelled, undone, withdrawn, or reversed. When your account is deleted, all associated Personal Information is deleted and any stored samples are discarded, subject to the following limitations:

i.Information previously included in CHONPS Health Tech Research. As stated in any applicable Consent Document, Genetic Information and/or Self-Reported Information that you have previously provided and for which you have given consent to use in CHONPS Health Tech Research cannot be removed from completed studies that use that information. Your data will not be included in studies that start more than 30 days after your account is closed (it may take up to 30 days to withdraw your information after your account is closed).

ii.Legal Retention Requirements. CHONPS Health Tech and/or our contracted genotyping laboratory will retain your Genetic Information, date of birth, and sex as required for compliance with applicable legal obligations, including the federal Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA), California Business and Professions Code Section 1265 and College of American Pathologists (CAP) accreditation requirements. CHONPS Health Tech will also retain limited information related to your account and data deletion request, including but not limited to, your email address, account deletion request identifier, communications related to inquiries or complaints and legal agreements for a limited period of time as required by law, contractual obligations, and/or as necessary for the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims and for audit and compliance purposes.

6. Security measures

CHONPS Health Tech takes seriously the trust you place in us. CHONPS Health Tech implements physical, technical, and administrative measures to prevent unauthorized access to or disclo]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=13 13 2022-01-16 08:31:00 +0800 https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=page&f=view&t=xml&articleID=12 12 2022-01-16 08:30:00 +0800













































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]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=5 The Benefits of PGS 2022-01-16 01:25:00 +0800 Scientific Background

        For most common complex diseases, genetic risk cannot be attributed to only a single or several genes. Instead, numerous common variants have a contribution to the overall risk, each with a tiny effect. In fact, the number of such contributing variants usually ranges from 5,000 to 100,000, accounting for as many as 1% of all genomic common variants (Zhang et al. 2018). In other words, most complex diseases exhibit a highly polygenic architecture. These include psychiatric disorders, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity etc.

        Consequently, screening high-risk individuals by focusing on rare monogenic mutations of a handful of previously reported high-risk genes only benefits a small proportion of the population who are carriers. Unless we adopt a polygenic scoring approach, most people would miss out on the benefits of genetic risk assessment.






Polygenic scoring is a technique of statistical estimation that evaluates the overall genetic risk by assigning a tiny weight to each variant’s genotype and aggregating them to a genome-wide sum score. Initially, its realization can be very simple (clumping plus thresholding), but now the mainstream modelling includes some complicated penalized regression or Bayesian approaches. The training of PGS relies on a base dataset that is the summary statistics of one large GWAS on our interested phenotype, and another target dataset with individual-level genotype and phenotype is usually needed for hyperparameter optimization and performance evaluation.












Main Benefits

The major utility of polygenic scoring is to predict an individual’s risk for all kinds of complex diseases. They inform us about an individual’s relative risk compared to the remainder of the population, and can bring many additional benefits.







Ÿ   Polygenic scoring is applicable at any scale of genotype data, whether array genotyping, exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing, with varying accuracy.

Ÿ   Polygenic scoring gives physicians new tools for diagnosis and treatment.

Ÿ   It helps to stratify patient population according to risk and identify individuals who would most benefit from additional monitoring or early preventative measures to offset the risk of disease.

Ÿ   It would greatly improve the scale that a genetic testing report can cover and tremendously enrich the contents delivered to consumers. Curated pretrained PGSs in this catalog have covered 219 traits. If we use famous publicly-available large cohorts (UK Biobank, Japan Biobank, FinnGen) for training, much more could be covered. For example, the UK Biobank comprises over 600 diseases and over 2,800 other traits. As a comparison, CircleDNA currently appears to cover around 120 common diseases and 160 rare mendelian disorders.
























Ÿ   By combining with environmental factors or clinical factors, PRS provide more accurate risk assessment and stratification, demonstrating a way to make personalized lifestyle recommendations based on an individual’s genetic profile. It also strengthens users’ motivation and willingness to provide personal environmental or clinical information, which they see as beneficial to their own health prediction.

















Potential Value

Both individual consumers of genetic testing service and clinicians can benefit from polygenic scoring. It provides 5~10 times more information for the users than traditional monogenic approach, although in general its accuracy is still insufficient for clinical-level use. However, most clients, as layman in genetics, are more concerned about whether they have high risks for all kinds of common severe diseases, other than the exact odds ratio, relative risks or effect size. Particularly, polygenic scoring greatly broadens the scope of cancer risk prediction by covering over 100 types of cancers. Even though high cancer PGSs are far from being regarded as diagnostic evidence, they still give the clients a suggestion about on what types of cancers they should go ahead for clinical-level cancer screening tests. Noteworthily, for several diseases like coronary artery disease, PGS succeeds in identifying individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations (Khera et al., 2018). Besides, research in the past decade show that polygenic scoring might be the best way to identify people with high risks of psychiatric disorders such as depression, autism, ADHD and schizophrenia, which are extremely polygenic, highly inheritable and lacking in biological useful and valid biomarkers, making another selling point to parents of children and teenagers.

We also see insurance companies like Swiss Re. and Hannover Re. show interest in incorporating polygenic scoring into health insurance services. Undoubtedly, it is promising that polygenic scoring could add great value to profitability of DTC genetic testing service.

On top of that, we see much greater potential value beyond financial gain.

Ÿ   Polygenic scoring is at the cutting edge of genomic medicine research. It is a very hot topic with many papers receiving hundreds to thousands of citations. Research institutions in some leading areas, like Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Oxford University and Stanford University, have already been applying for relevant patents (e.g. US 2021/0065846 A1) and translating these advances into businesses. For example, Allelica Inc., a company with valuation around 10 million USD, is aiming to provide cardiovascular disease polygenic scoring directly to consumers and is backed by famous research groups. Being the first in Asia to incorporate polygenic scoring explicitly to the service would add much to Prenetics’s brand value by demonstrating its innovation capacity to the media. We believe that

Ÿ   Polygenic scoring is a complex statistical methodology that requires PhD-level expertise and sophistication in modelling. Building up a cooperative team for specialized PGS bioinformatic analysis service will also bring advantage in getting Prenetics a participating role in emerging large biobank projects all around Asia, like the Hong Kong Genome Project that plans to perform whole-genome sequencing on 50,000 subjects. The availability of local population data from such large cohort would also address the current challenge of cross-ancestry application.

Further, PRS is big-data based, which means that accumulation of users’ data tends to improve the prediction accuracy. Therefore, the earlier to launch the PRS analysis module, the better results we can obtain in the future. There is a great opportunity cost to risk losing the “first mover advantage” to competitors.
















]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=blog&f=view&t=xml&articleID=4 The Business Value of PGS 2022-01-16 01:15:00 +0800 ]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=product&f=view&t=xml&productID=4 G2H-2C 2024-03-24 06:18:35 +0800 我们利用Polygenic scoring技术在原有GBLUP预测模型基础上改进30%-50%都准确率，从而极大地提高基因组育种的效率
]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=product&f=view&t=xml&productID=3 G4B-2B 2022-01-16 06:00:23 +0800 上传您的DNA数据文件，以获取最新的健康风险预测分析报告，涵盖超过800种疾病与性状






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]]> https://gene2h.com/index.php?m=product&f=view&t=xml&productID=5 G2H-2C 2025-02-05 12:04:53 +0800